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3DAuto Glossary A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZAAAA American Automobile Association is the world's largest automobile clubs in the world. Formed in 1902, AAA provides services such as travel planning, discounts and coupons and road side assistance. ABS An automobile safety feature found on many vehicles. Anti lock braking keeps wheels from locking up during an emergency stop, thus improving vehicle handling and control. ABS consists of an ABS computer module, wheel sensors and a hydraulic pump. In the advent of a wheel lockup or skid, anti-lock brakes cause hydraulic pressure to flutter very, very quickly. As a result, wheels are less likely to lockup and cause an uncontrollable skid. Acceleration The increase in speed from either a standstill or from a lower speed to a higher speed. Accelerator Pump A small fuel pump located in carburetors. When the gas pedal is suddenly depressed, the accelerator pump quickly adds more fuel to the combustion process, making the fuel/air mixture richer. The added fuel allows the vehicle to accelerate more quickly or maintain speed while going up hills. Accessory An additional convenience device that is not required for normal operation of a vehicles. Frequently accessory refers to devices that are power operated, such as power windows or power door locks. AC Clutch AssemblyThe compressor clutch assembly is used to turn the air conditioning system on and off by engaging and disengaging the compressor. Accumulator-DrierThe accumulator-drier is connected directly to the evaporator outlet and is responsible for storing and filtering refrigerant before it enters the compressor. Acoustic Chamber Located in the muffler, the acoustic (sound) chamber is specifically designed to help "tune" exhaust noise as well as convert noise energy into heat. By adjusting the size and shape of acoustic chambers, exhaust noise can actually be tuned, much like an instrument. Accustic Tube Acoustic tubes route gases in a zigzagging pattern through the muffler. Changing exhaust flow direction slows down exhaust gases and helps dissipate noise. Activated Charcoal The Evaporation Emissions Control (EVAP) system relies heavily on activated charcoal as an absorber and storage vessel for fuel vapors. Both shoe inserts and a charcoal canister take advantage of charcoal's ability to readily absorb vapors. As fuel molecules heat and vaporize, they travel down a re-cycling tube and enter the canister through a one-way valve. When the engine is turned back on, a vacuum is created that sucks the reconstituted vapors out of the canister and into the engine where it is burned. Active SensorActive sensors automatically send their own signal with information back to the computer. It works kind of like checking in and giving an update or a report. Actuating Rod Actuators Actuators can be thought of as any device controlled by a computer. You have a lot of actuators in your automobile and the number is only going to increase over the years as vehicles become more sophisticated and computer reliant. Adjusting Sleeve Located on the tie-rod, adjusting sleeves shorten or lengthen the tie-rod to change camber and toe-in, correctly aligning the vehicle. Advanced TimingSynchronizing the compression of the air-fuel mixture and the spark for maximum compression and combustion is the job of the vehicle's ignition timing (often referred simply as the timing). When the timing is too advanced, the engine may suffer from spark knock or ping. Air Bag The air bag is a safety device consisting of impact sensors, a computer module, a detonation device and air bag. When a collision is detected, an electrical current ignites a fast burning solid propellant. The pellet shaped propellant produces a rapidly expanding volume of nitrogen gas. In a split second the gas inflates the air bag enough that it explodes out to the steering wheel or dashboard at around 200 Mph. The bag will inflate until all of the propellant is burned. In aproximately 1/20th of a second the air bag will become fully inflated. Air Cleaner A filter assembly designed to screen airborne contaminants, like dust and dirt from entering the engine through the carburetor or fuel injectors. Air ConditioningA system that uses refrigerant to remove heat and dehumidify the passenger compartment. While there are some minor variations to many A/C systems, the major system components include a compressor, condenser, evaporator, accumulator or receiver/dryer, and orifice tube or expansion valve. Air Filter Part of the air cleaner, the air filter removes airborne debris like dust and dirt from entering the engine where it can adversely affect performance. Most air filters are disposable. Carbureted engines use a round air filter, while fuel, injected systems normally rely on a rectangular design. Air And Fuel Mixture Air and fuel are mixed into a highly combustible vapor before being burned in the engine. The measure of air and fuel is represented as a ratio. Air-Fuel Ratio Air and fuel are mixed into a highly combustible vapor before being burned in the engine. The measure of air and fuel is represented as a ratio. The air/fuel ratio is not a static measure but rather changes to meet performance demands. Air Injection System A critical part of the emissions control system, the air injection system begins to eliminate residual fuel vapors as soon as they exit the engine. By adding a small amount of fresh air to exhaust as it exits the engine, residual fuel vapors are allowed to continue to burn as they travel through the exhaust manifold toward the catalytic converter. Air Intake Duct The passage through which air travels to the air cleaner and then fuel injection system or carburetor. Air In The Brake LineHydraulic circuits use hoses and pressurized fluid to cause parts to move. Because fluids do not compress, brake fluid provides a good medium. However, if air has entered into the hydraulic circuit then the brakes will feel spongy because air does compress. Generally this means that braking is slower, not as efficient and causes the brake pedal to feel odd when it’s depressed Air Pump Many modern vehicles use an air pump to send compressed air into the exhaust manifold. This air helps convert poisonous carbon monoxide in the exhaust into less dangerous carbon dioxide Air Spring A system that uses air, rather than metal springs, to support a car's weight. Air springs provide support no matter how loaded the vehicle is because air tends to 'flex' better than steel. Akron Ohio The tire capital of the world! The presence of B.F. Goodrich Tire, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Firestone Tire, and General Tire led Akron to become the Rubber Capital of the World. Alignment A state in which the caster, camber and toe angles in an automobile's steering and suspension meet the specifications engineered by the vehicle manufacturer for optimum performance. Alloy Wheel A wheel usually made of aluminum alloy. Alloy wheels are installed to improve appearance. In addition, alloy wheels are less prone to corrosion and are generally much lighter than steel wheel. All Seasons Tire All-season tires manufacturers also refer to these S and T-rated tires as 'mud + snow' tires. The tread is designed for long wear, comfortable ride and predictable handling and are most commonly used on sedans. All Wheel Drive All Wheel Drive (AWD) systems deliver power to all four wheels according to which have the most traction. Alternating Current A type of electrical current in which the polarity and therefore the flow of electrons (current), switches back and forth. Alternator The alternator functions as an automobile's generator. Connected to the crankshaft via a belt assembly, through the operation of a spinning electromagnetic field, the alternator generates alternating (AC) current. Since automobile's operate only on direct current (DC) the current must be modified (rectified) before is is usable. Excess electricity is routed to the battery where it is stored. Alternator Brushes Metal slip rings are connected at each end of the coil of wire. As the coil spins, so do the rings. Alternator brushes slide along the rings, creating a constant electrical connection. The brushes conduct an electrical current from the battery to the rings and copper winding. Amp (Ampere) Named after French mathematician and physicist André Marie Ampère(1775-1836), the ampere (amp) is a unit of measurement for the flow of electricity. An ampere represents the current in a pair of equally long, parallel, straight wires 1 meter apart that produces a force of 0.0000002 newton (2 × 10-7 N) between the wires for each meter of their length. Ampere Andre Marie Ampère's theory became fundamental for 19th century developments in electricity and magnetism. Today Andre-Marie Ampère is most remembered for the unit of measurement named in his honor, the Ampere or “Amp” for short. The ampere (amp) is a unit of measurement for the flow of electricity. An Ampère represents the current in a pair of equally long, parallel, straight wires 1 meter apart that produces a force of 0.0000002 newton (2 × 10-7 N) between the wires for each meter of their length. Amplitude Amplitude is a magnitude, size or voltage of an electronic signal Amp Meter Also known as an "Ammeter", an amp meter is a device that measures the flow of electric current in a circuit in amperes or amps. AM Radio Antenna Antennae pick up radio signal frequencies (stations) and channel them down the antennae and through the antennae lead wire to the radio. Anti Freeze Made of either ethylene or propylene glycol and mixed with water in approximately a 50/50 solution. Antifreeze helps protect the engine from over heating and from suffering freeze damage in the winter. Normally, water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and boils around 212 degrees Fahrenheit. However, antifreeze can lower the freezing point to as much as 67 degrees Fahrenheit or increase the boiling point to 235 Fahrenheit Anti-lock Brakes ABS is an automobile safety feature found on many vehicles. Anti lock braking keeps wheels from locking up during an emergency stop, thus improving vehicle handling and control. ABS consists of an ABS computer module, wheel sensors and a hydraulic pump. In the advent of a wheel lockup or skid, anti-lock brakes cause hydraulic pressure to flutter very, very quickly. As a result, wheels are less likely to lockup and cause an uncontrollable skid. Anti-lock Brake Computer Module The anti-lock brake module is a computer that controls the anti-lock brake system (ABS). Anti-lock Brake Sensor Anti-roll Bar The anti-roll bar is a suspension component that keeps the vehicle from tilting (rolling) during cornering or turning. A metal bar connects both sides of the automobile and helps keep the vehicle level. Also called a stabilizer or anti-sway bar. Anti-theft Code Found on many radios, the anti-theft code prevents a removed radio from working once it is disconnected from its power circuit without a special security code. Apply Piston Armstrong Edwin An electrical engineer by training, holder of 42 patents, and a respected professor at Columbia University, Armstrong is credited with inventing three of the basic electronic circuits underlying all modern radio, radar, and television. Asbestos Asbestos is a name given to a group of naturally forming minerals such as such as chrysotile, amosite,crocidolite, tremolite asbestos, anthophyllite asbestos and actinolite asbestos. Asbestos was widely used in the manufacturing of brake shoes, pads and linings, clutch facings and various gaskets for many years because of their durability and heat resistance. Ash Fouled Spark Plug A flaky brown deposit on the center electrode and the ground electrode. Fuel additives or oil seeping into the combustion chamber are common causes of ash fouling. Ash fouling may also be accompanied by backfiring. Aspect Ratio The ratio of sidewall height to width. You can use this measurement to determine the height of one sidewall. Atomization The break down of liquid into a mist-like vapor. Fuel is atomized before being burned in the engine's combustion chamber. Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric pressure is created by the weight of the atmosphere (force per area) on an area surface. At sea-level, the average atmospheric pressure is 1013.25 millibars. AtomizationThe break down of liquid into a mist-like vapor. Fuel is atomized before being burned in the engine's combustion chamber. Auto Emissions Your engine burns gas to create the power needed to power your automobile. During the process, it creates pollutants that can be harmful if inhaled as well as damaging the environment. Your engine produces four basic types of pollutants: · Carbon Monoxide · Hydrocarbons · Oxides of Nitrogen · Particulates Automatic Choke Automatic chokes rely on a thermostatic coil to adjust a butterfly valve at the top of the carburetor barrel.Chokes are found in vehicles with carburetors and are designed to restrict the amount of air mixed with fuel. Automatic Climate Control A computerized system that manages the heating and cooling devices to maintain a preset temperature within the passenger compartment. Automatic Temperature Control A computerized system that automatically maintains and adjusts a selected temperature for the vehicle interior. Also called climate control Automatic Transmission Automatic Transmission A system of changing gears hydraulically (automatically) rather than relying on driver manipulation of the clutch and gear shift lever. BBack fire Backfires have a loud popping sound that can be heard coming from the tail pipe. But exactly when the backfire occurs can give telling hints as to the potential cause of the problem. For example, an engine that backfires when the gas pedal is released often has an air injection diverter valve that has gone bad or the timing is in need of adjustment. Conversely, if your vehicle is making a popping noise during acceleration, then you probably have an excessive amount of fuel entering the combustion chamber. A likely cause is a leaking fuel injector or a vacuum leak. Back Pressure Anything that inhibits exhaust from quickly exiting the exhaust system contributes to a condition known as backpressure. Backup Light Assembly Short The back up light assembly generally consists of a fuse, a gearshift switch, wiring, bulbs and a light cover. If the wiring is loose, develops a short or if the electrical connections become corroded, the back up light may only work intermittently or may stop working altogether. Backup Light Burned Out The filaments go through endless cycles of extreme heating and cooling. Over time, the fine filament wiring can become weakened and eventually melt in half, severing the electrical circuit Bad Air Injection Diverter Valve Normally, the air injection diverter valve keeps air from entering the exhaust during deceleration, which prevents backfiring. Backfiring frequently happens when you take your foot off the gas pedal and begin to slow down or decelerate. When the diverter valve goes bad, the diverter fails to properly seal, and allows air to mix with residual fuel vapors present in the exhaust, causing a mini explosion in the exhaust that we call a backfire. Bad Alternator The alternator functions like an electrical generator by converting mechanical power of the rotating crankshaft into electricity. A belt and pulley assembly connected to the crankshaft powers the alternator. The alternator provides power when the vehicle is operating and excess electricity is stored is the battery. If the alternator belt becomes loose or is damaged the alternator will loose its ability to efficiently generate power. As a result devices that require electricity can stop working and eventually the battery will go dead. Bad Alternator Brushes The alternator inherently generates alternating current but your automobile requires direct current. So the alternator relies on brushes to rectify the current so that only DC current is generated. But over time alternator brushes can become worn, reducing spring and brush tension. As brushes become worn they can reduce the voltage output or current of the alternator. Worn brushes will frequently reduce the amount of the electricity generated and stored in the battery, causing the charging system warning light to illuminate. Bad Brakelight Switch The brake light switch is usually mounted on the brake pedal. The battery sends an electrical current to the brake light switch from the ignition switch. When the brake pedal is pressed it closes the switch and an electrical current flows to the brake lights, causing them to light up. When you release the pedal the electrical circuit is broken and the lights go off. However, brake switches can short out in either the closed or open position causes the like to either remain always on or always off. Faulty brake light switches should be replaced immediately Bad Catalytic Converter The catalytic converter is an emissions control device installed in the exhaust system, just prior to the muffler along the undercarriage. Over time the catalyst can break apart and cause a rattle that can sound similar to a loose exhaust clamp. The catalysts can also become covered in a layer of chemical deposits that reduce its ability to burn off harmful emissions. Bad Dimmer Switch The dimmer switch controls the low and high beam function on your headlights by determining which bulb filaments receive an electrical current. In most modern cars the dimmer switch is located on the steering column. When the dimmer switch becomes defective, the headlights will illuminate but drivers loose the ability to switch back and forth between low and high beams. Bad Hazard Light Flasher Unit The emergency flasher operates by quickly opening and closing the electrical circuit to the signal bulb, causing it to flash. The flasher unit contains a temperature sensitive metallic strip and a heating element. The metallic strip is connected to contact points and a fuse. When electrical current flows through the emergency signal flasher, the metallic strip becomes heated and curls, breaking the electric current and turning off the flasher. The metallic strip cools very rapidly, causing the strip to straighten out and reconnecting the circuit. This cycle repeats about once per second. Hazard flashers are very sensitive to the amount of electrical current flowing through them. If you increase the amount of electricity, the flasher unit will tend to flash more quickly. If you reduce the electrical current the flasher will flash slower or not at all. Bad Hazard Light Switch The hazard light switch is responsible for closing the electrical circuit that allows an electrical current to flow to the hazard lights. As the bulbs receive current, their filament (element), becomes hot and begins to glow, producing light. A flasher unit opens and closes the circuit to the light causing light to flash on and off. However, if the emergency light switch becomes defective over time through wear and tear it can fail to close the electrical circuit, keeping the emergency lights from lighting. A hazard light that remains on and fails to flash likely has a bad flasher unit. Bad Head Light Switch The headlight switch closes the electrical circuit allowing current to flow to the headlights. When an electrical current flows through the bulb element or filament, it gets hot and glows to produce light. However, a defective headlight switch fails to the headlamps do not receive and electrical current Bad Ignition Switch The ignition switch is responsible for delivering an electrical current to the ignition control module or ignition coil. If the switch goes bad then your auto can’t start. Bad PCV Valve The Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) System draws fuel and exhaust vapors out of the crankcase and routes them to the engine to be burned via PCV hose that connects the crankcase to the intake manifold. A malfunctioning PCV system can result in excessive hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. Common causes include a plugged PCV hose, malfunctioning PCV valve or computer controlled emissions system Bad Power Steering Pump The power steering system relies on hydraulic pressure to make turning the steering wheel easier. When the power steering pump fails, the power steering circuit has no way to become pressurized, in effect disabling the system. Bad Reverse Light Switch In both manual and automatic transmissions, a reverse light switch is used to light the back up lights. When reverse gear is selected, an electrical switch is closed by the action of the reverse gear shift linkage, allowing the electrical circuit to be completed and allowing the light to illuminate. However, the reverse switch can become inoperable through wear and tear, causing the electrical circuit to always remain open, keeping the backup lights from illuminating. Bad Turnsignal Switch The turn signal switch is mounted on the steering column and responsible for activating the left and right turn signals. When the switch is closed the electrical circuit is closed and current flows from the battery to the signal unit. As the bulbs receive current, its filament or element, becomes hot and begins to glow, producing light. To create the blinking associated with the turn signal, a flasher unit opens and closes the circuit to the light causing light to flash on and off. However, if the indicator light switch becomes defective it can fail to close the electrical circuit, keeping the turn signal lights from illuminating. Frequently, switch faults are caused by dirty or pitted electrical contacts or a broken switch. Bad Turnsignal Flasher Unit The signal flasher operates by quickly opening and closing the electrical circuit to the signal bulb, causing it to flash. The flasher unit contains a temperature sensitive metallic strip and a heating element. The metallic strip is connected to contact points and a fuse. When electrical current flows through the turn signal flasher, the metallic strip becomes heated and curls, breaking the electric current and turning off the flasher. The metallic strip cools very rapidly, causing the strip to straighten out and reconnecting the circuit. This cycle repeats about once per second. Signal flashers are very sensitive to the amount of electrical current flowing through them. If you increase the amount of electricity, the flasher unit will tend to flash more quickly. If you reduce the electrical current the flasher will flash slower or not at all. Bad Wheel Bearing AssemblyThe wheel bearing assembly cushions contact between the wheel and spindle. Over time the wheel bearing’s grease seal may begin to leak, allowing for the grease to escape. The lack of lubrication causes metal to rub on metal, creating a humming noise. You may also notice that the steering has become loose or sloppy at higher speeds. Baffles Baffles are used to slow, stop or deflect the flow of liquids, gases or sounds. Baffles can be found in a variety of places including mufflers, oil pans and fuel tanks. Bald Spots The appearance of uneven tread wear with bald spots, scallops or cups frequently indicates that either the wheels are severely out of balance or there is a problem with the suspension or ball joints. Ball Joint Ball joints are flexible joints used in steering linkage. Like a shoulder joint, ball joints provide a wide range of supported motion. Ball-and-socket Joint Bands And Clutches Battery The battery provides the initial source of energy needed to start your engine. When the ignition key is turned, electricity flows from the battery to the starter motor. Once the engine is running the alternator takes over and supplies the electrical needs of automobile as well as recharge the battery. Battery Cable Battery cables are firmly attached to the terminal posts and connect the battery to the rest of the electrical system. When battery cables are connected, an electrical circuit is completed which allows the plate and electrolyte combination to transform chemical energy into electricity Battery Caps Battery caps are located on top of some batteries, but they are not universal. Removable battery caps allow owners to monitor fluid levels and add distilled water when needed. Conversely, maintenance free batteries are sealed, are not equippped with battery caps, require no monitoring or addition of fluids. Battery Cells Compartments of the battery that hold electromagnetic plates and a water-sulfuric acid mixture. A 12 volt battery can be broken down into six two-volt cells. Each cell consists of a series of positive and negative plates. To keep the cells from shorting out, each cell is separated by a cell insulator plate. The cells are filled with a mixture of sulfuric acid and distilled water. Fluids that conduct electricity are called electrolytes. Besides auto batteries, your body also contains electrolytes. The exposed plates provide a large surface area to interact with the electrolyte solution. When battery cables are connected, an electrical circuit is completed which allows the plate and electrolyte combination to transform chemical energy into electricity. Battery Hold-down The battery hold-down secures the battery on the battery tray. Battery Terminals Two round battery terminals extend out the top and provide a means of connecting the battery's internal plates to the rest of the electrical system. The positive post is usually marked with a positive (+) symbol and the negative post is indicated with a negative (-) sign. Heavy duty battery cables are firmly attached to the terminal posts and connect the battery to the rest of the electrical system. Battery Tray Batteries are sit on a level platform called a battery tray. Many trays have a small upturned lip that runs around the outside edge of the tray to help keep the battery in place. In addition, a hold-down fastener keeps the battery in place. Bead The reinforced inner lip of the tire that seals around the wheel rim. Bead Seat The bead seat is a flat surface under the flanges on the rim. This is where the tire seals to the rim. Bell Housing Bench Seat Bent Wheel Flange When the tire is fully inflated, the tire’s internal pressure presses the lip of the tire, or bead, against the inside edge of the rim to form an airtight seal. Striking a pothole or curb can ruin the airtight seal by bending the wheel rim’s outer edge, called the flange. A bent flange will not permit the tire to seal properly. It may be possible to repair wheels made of steel, but aluminum wheels are generally un repairable and should be replaced as soon as possible. B.F. Goodrich Tire Bias Ply Tire Bias ply tires are rarely used anymore and have largely replaced by radial tires. Bias ply tires are constructed with multiple sheets of reinforced rubber called plies. Bias ply tires criss-cross the plies from one side (bead) of the tire to the other (bead). The tread is then bonded directly on top of the uppermost ply layer. Binding Parking Brake Cable The parking (or emergency) brake does not use brake fluid to operate. Instead, the parking brake uses a cable to brake. When you pull the lever in your car’s interior, it pulls a cable attached to the brake, which is usually attached to the rear brakes. The cable may bind and be difficult to either engage or disengage or both. If the cable bind is significant enough, you might not be able to engage or release the brake. Bleeder Valve The bleeder valve or bleeder screw, is a small valve connected to the end of brake line, just prior to the brake assembly.It provides a means to drain brake fluid from the line during service. In addition, during refill, the bleeder valve allows the line to be thoroughly flushed with fluid and remove (bleed) any residual air pockets that might be present after refilling. Bleeding Bleeding removes fluid from a system. Blow-by A condition by which a small amount of combusted fuel is able to slip by the piston rings and enter the crankcase. The fumes and particles that escape past the piston rings are collectively known as blowby. Blown Dashboard Fuse The dashboard is illuminated at night be a series of electric bulbs. The bulbs are located on the same electrical circuit so if the dash board fuse blows or an electrical circuit fault occurs, such as a wire short or a corroded electrical connector, the entire dashboard display can fail to illuminate Blown Fuse The fuse protects an electrical circuit against damage caused by a short circuit by allowing fine connecting wires to burn in half, severing the connection and opening the circuit and cutting off the flow of electricity. Fuse boxes are frequently located under the dash. Fuses can easily be replaced, however, without identifying and repairing the source of the problem, the fuse will likely blow again Blown Hazard Light Fuse The emergency flasher fuse is designed to act like a circuit breaker and protect the emergency flash assembly and wiring from excessive flows of electrical current. Wire shorts allow for higher than normal electrical current to flow through wires or devices. If the current is high enough it can melt wires or permanently damage parts. The emergency flasher fuse protects the electrical circuit against damage caused by a short circuit by allowing fine connecting wires to burn in half, severing the connection and opening the circuit and cutting off the flow of electricity. Fuse boxes are frequently located under the dash. Fuses can easily be replaced. However, without identifying and repairing the problem the fuse will likely blow again. Blown Head Gasket A head gasket is the seal between the engine block and cylinder head. This gasket keeps coolant from leaking into the cylinders and free from contamination by exhaust gases. A leaking headgasket will allow coolant to seep into the cylinder and burn, producing a white-ish colored exhaust. A 'blown' head gasket is a leaking gasket and causes a loss of compression. Blown Tail Light Fuse The tail light fuse is designed to act like a circuit breaker and protect the taillight assembly and wiring from excessive flows of electrical current. Wire shorts allow for higher than normal electrical current to flow through wires or devices. If the current is high enough it can melt wires or permanently damage parts. The tail light fuse protects the electrical circuit against damage caused by a short circuit by allowing fine connecting wires to burn in half, severing the connection and opening the circuit and cutting off the flow of electricity. Fuse boxes are frequently located under the dash. Fuses can easily be replaced. However, without identifying and repairing the source of the problem the fuse will likely blow again. Blown Turnsignal Fuse The turn signal fuse is designed to act like a circuit breaker and protect the signal assembly and wiring from excessive flows of electrical current. Wire shorts allow for higher than normal electrical current to flow through wires or devices. If the current is high enough it can melt wires or permanently damage parts. Turn signal fuse protects the electrical circuit against damage caused by a short circuit by allowing fine connecting wires to burn in half, severing the connection and opening the circuit and cutting off the flow of electricity. Fuse boxes are frequently located under the dash. Fuses can easily be replaced. However, without identifying and repairing the source of the problem, the fuse will likely blow again. Boots Round, accordion-shaped pieces of rubber that further insulate the seals around the gearbox. Bosch Robert Brake A device that has the ability to slow or stop motion. Automobiles are equipped with either drum or disc brakes. Brake Adjuster Brake Assembly Brake Band Brake bands are part of an automatic transmission that allow the transmission to shift gears. Brake bands consist of metal straps that wrap around portions of the drive train. At the appropriate time, the band squeezes tight and immobilizes part of the drive train, keeping it from turning. Brake Band Rod Brake Booster A device that reduces the amount of force required to activate the brakes Brake Caliper A C-shaped device found in disc brake systems. When the brake pedal is depressed, the brake caliper squeezes the brake pads against the spining rotor to slow or stop the automobile. Brake Drum The brake drum is a round steel drum bolted to the wheel. The brake drum provides a protective covering for the drum brake assembly as well as provides a braking surface for the brake shoes. Brake Drum Out-Of RoundThe brake drum is a round steel drum bolted to the wheel. Inside, brake shoes are connected to a hydraulic piston. When the brake pedal is depressed, the shoes are forced against the inner brake drum and the resulting friction causes the automobile to stop. However, sometimes the brake drum can become out of round. When that happens, brake shoes are unable to maintain evenly distributed brake pressure (friction) around the inner circumfrance of the drum. Frequently out of round brake drums are caused by heating and cooling during normal braking. Rapid cooling caused by driving through water can also contribute to out of round brake drums. brake Brake Dust When the brakes are applied, the friction will causes a minute layer of the brake pads to be worn off. Normally the brake dust simply falls to the ground. However, small amounts can become attached to the surface of the brake pad or rotor. Brake dust will cause the brakes to squeak when applied. Brake Fade Loss of braking power due to excessive heat after repeated braking. Brake Fluid A clear liquid that, when pressurized, helps brakes slow down the wheels. Drum brakes rely on brake fluid to pressurize the wheel cylinder and force brake shoes against the inside lining of the brake drum. The resulting friction causes the automobile to stop. In the case of disc brakes, brake fluid pressurizes pistons located near the top of the brake rotor. As the pistons become pressurized, they force brake pads against the spinning rotor. Again, friction causes enough drag that the wheels eventually stop turning. Brake Hoses Brake hoses are made of rubber for flexibility and connect the metal tubing of the brake line to the brakes. While metal tubing offers durability, it is incapable of providing the sort of flexibility needed when wheels turn or move up and down. As a result, brake lines combine the rigid durability of metal tubing with the flexibility of hoses. Brake Light Brake lights are a visual way to inform other drivers that an automobile is slowing or preparing to stop. When the brake pedal is pressed it closes an electrical switch, allowing electricity to flow to the brake lights, causing them to illuminate. Brake Light Switch Brake lights are designed to warn other motorists that a vehicle is slowing or stopping. To turn the brake light on and off, automobiles rely on the brake light switch. Brake light switches can be located on the master cylinder, but they are most commonly located on the brake pedal. Like nearly all of the lighting systems, the battery powers the brake light circuit. The brake light switch receives an electrical current from the battery via the ignition switch Brake Line Small metal tubing that carries pressurized brake fluid from the master cylinder to the brakes Brake Lining Brake lining is a heat-resistant material that aids in braking. Brake pad and shoe surfaces are made out of a fricion material compound. The pad surface or lining has a texture similar to fine sandpaper When brake pads are pressed against the spinning brake rotor it creates friction, or drag. When enough friction is created, the wheels will eventually stop turning. Brake Line Not Bled Bleeding the brakes simply means running enough brake fluid through the brake line during service to insure that no air bubbles are allowed to remain in the line. Brake lines should always be bled following work that involves the hydraulic circuit. Air in the brake line can lengthen the time it takes to stop your vehicle and could be a real safety hazard. Brake Pedal Connector Short The brake light switch is usually mounted on the brake pedal. The battery sends an electrical current to the brake light switch from the ignition switch. When the brake pedal is pressed it closes the switch and an electrical current flows to the brake lights, causing them to light up. When you release the pedal the electrical circuit is broken and the lights go off. However, brake switches can short out in either the closed or open position causing the light to either remain always on or always off. Faulty brake light switches should be replaced immediately. Brake Light Switch Brake light switches can be located on the master cylinder, but they are most commonly located on the brake pedal. Like nearly all of the lighting systems, the battery powers the brake light circuit. The brake light switch receives an electrical current from the battery via the ignition switch. Under normal conditions the electrical circuit remains open, however when the brake pedal is depressed, the switch is closed and the circuit is completed. Current flows through the electrical circuit to the brake light bulb. The bulb filament heats up and produces light. When you release the pedal the electrical circuit is broken and the lights go off. Brake PadsBrake pads are made out of a fricion material compound. The pad surface or lining has a texture similar to fine sandpaper. When brake pads are pressed against the spinning brake rotor it creates friction, or drag. When enough friction is created, the wheels will eventually stop turning. Brake Pads Brake Pad Backing Brake Pad Lining Brake Pedal The pedal next to the gas that triggers the braking system. Brake Pedal Connector Short When the brake pedal is pressed it closes the switch and an electrical current flows to the brake lights, causing them to light up. When you release the pedal the electrical circuit is broken and the lights go off. However, brake switches can short out in either the closed or open position causing the light to either remain always on or always off. Faulty brake light switches should be replaced immediately. Brake Rotor The brake rotor provides a braking surface upon which the pads can press against, create friction and stop the automobile Brake Seals Brake Shoe Brake shoes are friction devices that are used in brake systems equipped with drum brakes. Brakes Out Of Adjustment Brake System Leak The brake system relies on a hydraulic circuit to activate the brakes. However, if a leak develops, hydraulic circuits loose pressure and their ability to function properly. Fortunately, the brake system includes an emergency shut off valve that will cut off brake fluid to any brake line that develops a catastrohpic failure. The uneffected brakes work together to provide enough stopping power to stop the vehicle safely, but braking efficiency is deminished. Brake related faults should be serviced immediately. Breed Allan (1927-1999) Breed is the inventor of the air bag. Bridgestone Tire Company Founded by Shojiro Ishibashi in 1931. Inspired by Harvey Firestone, Ishibashi transposed his name's literal translation "Stone bridge" into bridge stone and adopted the english translation. Bridgestone was an early adherent to emerging manufacturing concepts, such as Total Quality Management or TQM. Interestingly, in 1988 Bridgestone acquired Firestone Tire & Rubber Company Firestone, Shojiro Ishibashi's one-time inspiration. Broken Alternator Belt The alternator works as a belt-driven generator, re supplying the battery with additional electricity to keep it from running down. As the engine’s crankshaft rotates, an accessory belt connected to the alternator via a pulley causes the alternator rotor to rotate and generate electricity. A broken alternator belt will cause the battery to go dead. Broken Exhaust Clamp Exhaust clamps are U-shaped bolts that connect one portion to the exhaust to another. Over time clamps can become fatigued and are subject to break or come loose. Broken Exhaust HangerTo support the length of the exhaust system, hangers secure the exhaust system to the underneath of the vehicle. Over time hangers can become fatigued and are subject to break or come loose. When they do come loose, the exhaust has a tendency to rattle or bang against the bottom of the car, particularly when going over bumps or striking potholes. Over time more hangers may give way under the increase in relative weight that each surviving hanger must support. If the condition is left to deteriorate, you may find yourself dragging your exhaust after hitting a pot hole. Broken Power Steering BeltThe power steering system relies on hydraulic pressure to make steering easier. Powered by the engine and the power steering belt and pulley, the power steering pump pressurizes the power steering circuit to around 1,000 PSI. When power steering belts break, the power steering pump has no way to create hydraulic pressure, and power steering becomes disabled. Broken Strut Mount The strut mount bolts directly to the frame and connects the strut assembly to an automobile. Over time the suspension’s connecting hardware can become loose or even break. When the strut mount breaks it allows an excessive amount of vertical movement of the strut Brown Alexander Along with George Stillman, patented the first inflatable "pneumatic" automobile tire in 1892. Although other inventors built inflatable automobile tires, they had not yet applied for a patent. Bugatti Brescia Bulb A device used to create light. Bulb Element Light bulb element (filament) consist of thin wire inside a light bulb. An electrical current flows from the battery through the bulb element or filament, causing it to get hot enough to glow and produce light. Bulb Filament Light bulb element (filament) consist of thin wire inside a light bulb. An electrical current flows from the battery through the bulb element or filament, causing it to get hot enough to glow and produce light. Burned Out Dome Light The dome light provides interior illumination and can be activated either manually by switch or when the car doors are opened. The dome light receives an electrical current from the battery. As the current flows into the bulb filaments they begin to heat up and glow. The filaments go through endless cycles of extreme heating and cooling. Over time, the fine filament wiring can become weakened and eventually melt in half, severing the electrical circuit, causing the bulb to burn out. Burned Out Headlight Headlights emit light when an electrical current flows through a bulb element or filament, causing it to get hot enough to glow and produce light. A reflector and lens amplify and direct the light forward. Many headlights rely on two headlamps to provide both low and high beams. As the current flows into the bulb filaments they begin to glow. The filaments go through endless cycles of extreme heating and cooling. Over time, the fine filament wiring can become weakened and eventually melt in half, severing the electrical circuit. Some headlights can simply have their burned out bulbs replaced. However, other headlight assemblies are sealed, requiring the entire glass housing to be replaced. Burned Out Tail light Taillights receive an electrical current from the battery. As the current flows into the bulb filaments they begin to glow. The filaments go through endless cycles of extreme heating and cooling. Over time, the fine filament wiring can become weakened and eventually melt in half, severing the electrical circuit. Burning Coolant Burning coolant occurs when coolant enters the engine's cylinder and is burned along with the air/fuel mixture. Frequently the cause of an engine buring coolant is a cracked (blown) or warped head gasket. However, small cracks in the engine itself can also be cause. An engine that is buring coolant will have a white-ish or gray exhaust. Burning Oil Buring oil occurs when oil is allowed to enter the engine's cylinder and is burned along with the air/fuel mixture. Worn piston rings are a common cause of buring oil. An automobile that is burning oil will tend to emit exhaust that has a bluish tint and may be a little heavier than normal. Burnt Fuse Burnt fuese can be identified by the dark smoky appearance on the glass caused by carbon monoxide that collected as the wire burned. Fuses protect electrical circuits against damage caused by a short circuit by allowing fine connecting wires to burn in half, severing the connection and opening the circuit and cutting off the flow of electricity. Bushings Much like the cartilage in your knee, bushings reduce friction in the ball joint. Bushings are often used in place of ball bearings. CCaliper A vice-like device found in disc brake systems. When calipers become pressurized with brake fluid they squeeze brake pads against the brake rotor. The resulting drag causes the wheel to slow or eventually stop spinning. Caliper Piston A hydraulic device found inside a disc brake system. When the brake pedal is depressed, the hydraulic circuit becomes pressurized. Hydraulic pressure forces the caliper piston in the slave cylinder forward, causing one side of the brake caliper to close. Camber If you are looking at your tires from the front of the car, camber is the degree of their inward or outward tilt Camber Thrust A cornering force generated by the tire's camber. Capacitor An electrical device that accumulated and holds an electrical charge. Capacitors are frequently used in automobile's equipped with an electronic ignition system. Carbon Contaminated Sensor Carbon Contaminated Oxygen Sensor Carbon Deposits Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is the fourth most abundant gas in our atmosphere and forms naturally as a by-product of respiration, or breathing. However, over the years, carbon dioxide has been called one of the Earth's so-called greenhouse gases. According to the greenhouse theory, as more carbon dioxide is produced, it creates a thickening invisible layer that shrouds the earth, reflecting infrared radiation emitted by the sun and slowly begins a general warming process. Carbon Fouled Spark Plug Carbon fouled plugs will be covered in a dry, black sooty deposit. This indicates that your fuel system is burning a rich mixture of fuel. Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide is an extremely dangerous emission that can suffocate unsuspecting motorists if they let their vehicle run in a un vented space like a garage. Inhaling carbon (CO) can cause nausea, headaches and extreme fatigue and is particularly dangerous because it is both colorless and odorless and difficult to detect. CO is formed when partially burned fuel is released. CarburetorA device mounted on the intake manifold of an engine. Carburetors mixes air and fuel into proper amounts before it is ignited in the combustion chamber. Over time, manufacturers have replaced carburetors with more efficient fuel injection systems Carburetor Barrel A round tube located in the carburetor that acts as a conduit for air and fuel entering the engine. At the top, the choke butterfly valve adjusts the amount of air entering the barrel. Midway through the barrel the tube narrows at a point called the venturi. The venturi creates a vacuum that draws more fuel out of the float bowl and makes it easier to form a highly combustible vapor of air and fuel. At the bottom of the carburetor barrel, the throttle valve regulates the amount of the fuel vapor entering the combustion chamber. Caruretors are usually equipped with anywhere from one to four barrels. Carburetor Jet A fitting inside the carburetor that meters fuel before it is mixed with air and enters the engine. Car Pulls To One Side Casing Composed of plies, cord, the bead and stabilizer belts, form the tire's structure and give it shape. Sometimes called the tire's carcass or body. Caster If you draw a line through the ball joint and the center of the wheel, caster angle corresponds to the angle of that line. Catalyst Catalyst is just a name for something that causes a chemical reaction without neutralizing itself. Your catalytic converter is lined with catalysts like aluminum oxide and platinum that react to the harmful gases found in exhaust and changes them into water vapor, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. catalytic converter The catalytic converter is a smog reduction device located between the exhaust manifold and the muffler. The converter reduces harmful emissions by converting, or neutralizing these gases into harmless carbon dioxide and water. Central to its function is the role of catalysts. Catalytic Core Center Link The center link is part of the steering linkage that consists of a combination of rods, ball sockets, and the control and pitman arms that connect the steering gear box to the steering knuckles. Centrifugal Force A spinning force that tends to keep a rotating objects away from the center of rotation. CFCsAn abreviation for the word chlorofluorocarbons. Chlorofluorocarbons are a group of chlorine based chemicals that scientists have linked to the depletion of the Ozone layer and the gradual warming of the earth’s atmosphere. Charcoal Canister Part of the Evaporation Emissions Control System (EVAP), the charcoal canister is a storage container that uses activated charcoal to trap fuel vapors from the fuel tank so they can be burned later during the combustion process. Charge Port The location where refrigerant is put into some types of air conditioning systems Charging Battery When electricity flows from the alternator into the battery it is said to be charging. Charging System A system that maintains proper electrical charge in the automobile battery. The charging system consists of the batter, alternator and voltage regulator. ChassisChassis is basically just the metal skeleton or framework of an automobile, without auto body panels. Chlorofluorocarbons A group of chlorine based chemicals that scientists have linked to the depletion of the Ozone layer and the gradual warming of the earth’s atmosphere. So-called greenhouse gases are no longer manufactured for sale in the US since December 31 1995. Also known as simply CFCs. Choke Chokes are found in vehicles with carburetors and are designed to restrict the amount of air mixed with fuel. Choke Plate The choke plate acts like an air flow regulator. When the engine is cold, the choke plate remains closed and limits the amount of air mixing with fuel before being burned in the engine. Circuit A complete path. A circuit is frequently used to describe either the path of electricity or hydraulic fluid. Circuit Breaker A circuit breaker is a device that interrupts the flow of electricity through a circuit if the circuit becomes overloaded or a wire short occurs. When a circuit breaker is activated, a breaker switch is thrown which opens the electrical circuit. Opening the circuit ends the flow of electricity from the power source through the circuit and protects electrical parts or the wiring from further damage. Unlike a fuse, a circuit breaker can be reset. Fuses must be replaced. Clear-coat Finish An extra protective layer of paint that is applied over the last color coat of paint. Clear-coat finishes protect against chips, scratches and the affects of prolonged exposure to the elements. Climate Control A computerized system that automatically maintains a selected temperature for the vehicle’s interior. Also called automatic temperature control. Clogged Exhaust System The exhaust system can sometime become clogged from loose debris, such as broken catalyst from the catalytic converter. Any sort of clog or restriction of auto exhaust can cause a condition known as back pressure. Clogged Fuel Filter A partically clogged fuel filter can cause the car to accelerate more slowly or buck and jerk as the engine becomes starved for fuel. A driver may also notice a general loss of power and a decline in fuel efficiency. Fuel filters are located in the fuel tank or fuel line and are designed to strain the fuel of debrise like rust. Closed Circuit Clutch Assembly Clutch Bands Clutch Cable A metal cable that connects the clutch pedal and clutch fork. The cable translates the movement of the pedal to the fork to either engage or disengage the clutch. Clutch Disc The friction material lining the plate surface that delivers rotational power (torque) from the engine to the transmission. Clutch Drum Clutch Fork Clutch Housing Clutch Hub Clutch Pedal The clutch pedal acts like mechanical lever to connect and disconnect the engine from the transmission. Clutch Piston Clutch Release Springs CO Carbon monoxide is an extremely dangerous emission that can suffocate unsuspecting motorists if they let their vehicle run in a un vented space like a garage. Inhaling carbon (CO) can cause nausea, headaches and extreme fatigue and is particularly dangerous because it is both colorless and odorless and difficult to detect. CO is formed when partially burned fuel is released. Coil Part of the ignition system, the coil is designed to increase the amount of voltage reaching the spark plugs. Automobile batteries produce 12 volts of electricity, however the coil is capable of generating up to 40,000 volts or more. Coil Spring A flexible spiral used to 'spring' the car back from a hole or bump. Coil springs are mounted to or near the control arm and are the most common springs in use today. Collar Combination Valve A valve that regulates brake fluid to the front and rear brakes, ensuring that both sets activate at the same time. Combustion The process of burning an air/fuel mixture for power. Combustion Chamber A small space located at the top of the cylinder where the spark plug is screwed into the cylinder head. Combustion Engine Combustion Process The combustion process is an extremely well orchestrated event that brings together a highly volatile mixture of air and fuel and an electric spark. The resulting explosion provides kinetic energy which your automobile is designed to harness in the form of locomotion. Compression Gauge A special device used by technicians to determine how pressure a firing cylinder can create. Compression gauges are used to help diagnose engine related problems. Compression Test A test to evaluate the engine's ability to generate cylinder pressure during the combustion process. CompressorAs the name suggests, the compressor’s primary job is to compress refrigerant. In short, the compressor is a refrigerant pump. The compressor lies at the heart of the AC system and it’s the job of the compressor to draw in low-pressure side refrigerant from the evaporator through the suction port, compress the refrigerant before sending it on to the condenser. Compressor BeltThe compressor belt connects the compressor to the engine crankshaft pulley. As the crankshaft spins it powers the compressor. Computer Module any electronic circuit that can receive signals (inputs) or modify a signal and find outputs. Finding outputs is just another way of processing information or signals.. " Module ” is often a more specific way of talking about a particular system. Computerized Engine Control Fault Computerized Engine Control Circuit Fault The engine control system is an onboard computer system that relies upon computer sensors to monitor vehicle performance and send back data to the computer. However, periodically the onboard computer system will fail to work properly. When that happens, the system can fail to make adjustments altogether or it may make the wrong adjustments. To discover the source of the fault an auto technician will need to use a scan tool to locate the source of the fault. CondensationThe process by which a vapor changes to a liquid. Condensation occurs in the A/C system inside the condenser when refrigerant cools. CondenserThe condenser’s primary job is to recondition the refrigerant from a vapor back to a liquid so it can be re circulated through the AC system. Connecting Rod Connecting rods connect the engine’s pistons to the crankshaft. Constant Velocity Joint CV Joint s are used where two parts of the drive train are attached. Their design allows the shaft to turn freely and avoid binding even though the shaft angles might change while going over bumps or striking pot holes. Contact Patch The amount of tread in contact with the road at any given time. Contact patch is also known as a tire's "footprint." Contact Points Contaminated Brake Pad Both disc and drum brakes rely on friction to cause the wheel to slow or stop. Normally the friction created by the pads is enough to cause the rotor to stop turning. However, if the brake pads become contaminated with brake fluid or other contaminants, braking friction becomes uneven and may cause the brakes to grab or pull to one side. Contaminated Brake Shoe Both disc and drum brakes rely on friction to cause the wheel to slow or stop. Normally the friction created by the pads is enough to cause the rotor to stop turning. However, if the brake pads become contaminated with brake fluid or other contaminants, braking friction becomes uneven and may cause the brakes to grab or pull to one side. Continental Tire Continental Tire was founded in Hannover Germany in 1871. In 1898 Continental launched its first production of pneumatic automobile tires. In 1979 Continental took over the European operations of Uniroyal. Eight years later, in 1987, the Akron Ohio based General Tire was acquired. Continuously Blowing Horn The horn relies on an electromagnet to cause a diaphragm in the horn assembly to vibrate. When you press on the horn it closes the horn switch and activates the horn relay and completes the electrical circuit. When electricity passes through the electromagnet, it pulls the diaphragm until another set of electrical points are activated that allow the diaphragm to return to their original position. A horn that blows continuously likely has a bad horn switch or a bad relay that allows for a continuously closed circuit. Another possible cause might include contact points that are stuck together. Control Arm control arms provide an anchor for many parts of both the suspension and steering systems. Control Module Part of an automobile's onboard computer system, a control module is a computer that relies on an electric circuit to receive impulses (inputs) from devices and sensors and initiates electrical impulses (outputs) to control other devices. Control Panel Control panel is where you select the climate controls for the passenger compartment. A/C, heater and defroster are the usual options, as well as which vents will be operated as well as making fan speed selections. Control Valve The control valve is incorporated in the power steering's hydraulic circuit and acts like a gate keeper, limiting the amount of fluid entering the power cylinder. In addition, the control valve returns excess fluid to the power steering reservoir. Converter Housing Coolant Antifreeze: (coolant) made of either ethylene or propylene glycol and mixed with water in approximately a 50/50 solution. Antifreeze helps protect the engine from over heating and from suffering freeze damage in the winter. Normally, water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit and boils around 212 degrees Fahrenheit. However, antifreeze can lower the freezing point to as much as 67 degrees Fahrenheit or increase the boiling point to 235 Fahrenheit. Coolant Hose Leak A common cause of cooling system leaks is a cooling hose failure. Cooling hoses are manufactured out of rubber and are subject to wear over time. Hoses often fray or crack near clamps or may become weak and swell before finally giving way. Coolant is extremely hot as it exists the engine and flows into the radiator for cooling. As a result, the upper radiator hose is particularly susceptible to wear and tear. Coolant Reservoir A plastic container that houses excess coolant. Coolant Temperature Sensor The sensor is generally located just before the thermostat and provides a way for the Engine Control Module (ECM) to know the average engine temperature. The onboard computer monitors and responds to changes in engine coolant temperature by regulating the thermostat and turning on warning lights. Cooling Fan Assists in dissipating the intense heat away from the engine. There are two type of radiator fans. One type is attached to the shaft of the water pump and rotates whenever the engine is running. Conversely, an electric fan turns on only after the radiator's internal temperature exceeds a preset setting. Cooling System A system that helps protects the engine from damage due to overheating. A mixture of coolant and water circulates through passages in the engine and absorbs heat before it is dissipated in the radiator. It also helps heat the passenger compartment. Also, see fan, pressure cap, thermostat, and water pump and heater core Cooling System Leak The cooling system is a sealed and pressurized circuit that allows for a higher boiling point. A cooling system leak will obviously reduce the volume of coolant at work within the vehicle and can lead to a rapid rise of engine temperature. If you have to add coolant, you have a leak in the coolant system. Cord Cord are reinforced synthetic fibers that are bonded to rubber sheets called plies that are used to form the body or carcass of the tire. Cornering Force The lateral frictional force generated by a cornering tire, acting in opposition to centrifugal force. Corroded Battery Connection The battery produces and stores electricity. When the battery is charging, electricity flows from the alternator into the battery and is converted into chemical energy. When electricity flows out of the battery, electricity is converted from chemical back to electrical energy. When battery connections are loose or corroded, the battery’s ability to recharge itself or power accessories becomes diminished and frequently leads to a weak or dead battery. Corroded Wire Your battery provides the electrical current that powers your automobile’s lights and accessories. For electrical devices to work properly the electrical circuit must be capable of being closed and electrical connections must be clean and tightly secured. However, when connections become loose or corroded, the electrical circuit becomes compromised and accessories may only work intermittently or not at all. Loose wires should be tightened or replaced. Corroded connections can usually be cleaned with a wire brush. Counter Gears Counter Shaft Cracked Cylinder Head The cylinder head sits on top of the engine block and contains the combustion chambers and valves. Spark plugs screw into the cylinder head. Cylinder head gaskets are subject to wear and tear and deterioration over time. As the gasket breaks down, small amounts of coolant can begin to leak internally. Crankcase The crankcase is located near the bottom of the engine and consists of a protective chamber-like covering of the crankshaft. Crankshaft The crankshaft harnesses the explosive power released during the combustion process and turns it into circular motion. Pistons located inside the engine's cylinders are connected to the crankshaft by connecting rods. During the combustion process, expanding gases press down on the piston heads with great force. As the pistons shoot down the cylinder, the connecting rods causes the crankshaft to rotate. In this way, the crankshaft is able to translate the up and down movement of the pistons into circular motion. The rotation of the crankshaft turns the flywheel and ultimately causes the drive wheels to rotate under power. Cross Flow Radiator The radiator is part of the cooling system and is mounted in the front of the engine compartment. Its primary job is to provide a large surface area from which heat can evaporate. Hot coolant enters on the top left through the inlet and then travels through long tubes to the collector tank at the right and then leaves through the outlet located at the bottom left. Is more prevalent in larger cars with V8 engines Crossover Pipe Most vehicles have only one muffler and catalytic converter. After gas exits the exhaust manifolds, the crossover pipe funnels exhaust from one side of the vehicle to the other for entry into the single catalytic converter. Crown The center area of a tire's tread. Cruise Control Cugnot Nicolas (1725 - 1804) inventor of a steam powered vehicle, the fore runner for the automobile Cupped Tire The appearance of uneven tread wear with bald spots, scallops or cups frequently indicates that either the wheels are severely out of balance or there is a problem with the suspension or ball joints. CV Joint A joint that allows the drive shaft to rotate continuously at a wide variety of angles with another shaft.CV joints are used primarily in automobiles equipped with front wheel drive or all wheel drive transmissions. Cylinder The cylinder is the round tube in the engine block in which the pistons move up and down. Cylinder Head The cylinder head is attached to the top of the cylinder block and contains the combustion chambers. With overhead valve engines the cylinder head will usually also contain the valves and camshaft. Cycling Switch The cycling switch regulates the operation of the A/C compressor depending on the system temperatures or pressure. DDamaged Alternator Belt The alternator functions like an electrical generator by converting mechanical power of the rotating crankshaft into electricity. The alternator belt connects the alternator to the crankshaft pulley, so as the engine fires and the crankshaft rotates, the alternator belt drives the alternator. The alternator provides power when the vehicle is operating and excess electricity is stored is the battery. If the alternator belt becomes loose or is damaged the alternator will loose its ability to efficiently generate power. As a result devices that require electricity can stop working and eventually the battery will go dead. Damaged Rotor Damaged Wheel Bearings Because of the intense heat that can be generated through the wheel's rotation, the wheel bearings are packed in special heat resistant grease and sealed. However, over time the wheel bearing seal can leak, causing it to loose its lubrication and dry out. Dry wheel bearings wear down quickly and have a tendency to chip, break and score the inside of the race. Intense heat can also cause metal parts to become brittle and prone to cracking. Worn wheel bearings will also cause the wheel to turn roughly. It is common for dry wheel bearings to emit a humming noise as the wheel rotates. Steering can also be adversely affected, causing the vehicle to wander or pull to one side. Dampening Springs Dashboard Electrical Fault Dataport Data ports (data links) are connections that allow diagnostic computers (scan tools) to plug into an automobile's computer system and retrieve trouble codes and sensor readings. Data ports are rectangular plastic connectors with multipin recepticals. Defective Oxygen Sensor Oxygen (O2) sensors monitor levels of oxygen in the engine exhaust. In time oxygen sensors can begin to malfunction and provide incorrect data or stop working altogther. Defective oxygen sensors can cause engine performance to suffer as well as permit excessive auto emissions. Defroster A climate control setting that allows forced air to blow against the inside of the windshield and remove condensation and frost and improve visibility. Deflection The deference between a tire's unloaded or free radius and the loaded radius. Detonation A condition in which unburned fuel in the combustion chamber explodes or “detonates” violently. Detonation produces pressure waves that result in a loud knocking sound. Dichlorofluoromethane Chemical name of R-12 refrigerant R-12 was first offered as a commercial refrigerant in 1931 and was adopted for use in American manufactured autos in the 1940s. Diesel Fuel Diesel Rudolf Dieseling The continued combustion of air/fuel after the engine is turned off. Differential A combination of gears designed to permit power to be divided between two rear drive axles, allowing them to rotate at different speeds. Differential Case Direct Current Direct current (DC) is an electric current that flows in only one direction (remains in one polarity). Directional Stability The tendency of a tire to roll in it's steered direction rather than follow road contours Dirty Air Filter The air filter removes particles from the air before it is mixed with fuel and sprayed into the combustion chamber where it is ignited. A dirty air filter changes the ratio of air to fuel; resulting in too much fuel is being burned. Dirty Spark PlugsSpark plugs are responsible of igniting a highly combustionable mixture of fuel and air inside the engine's combustion chamber. Worn or dirty spark plugs may work okay at low speeds or at idle, but they will tend to be less effective at higher engine speeds and engine performance will suffer. Disc A flat circular metal plate that rotates with the wheel and provides a braking surface for the disc brake system. Disc Brake A type of brake often found on the front wheels. A caliper squeezes the rotor attached to the wheel, causing the wheel to slow or stop. Discharge AirThe conditioned (cooled & dehumidified) air entering the passenger compartment from the A/C system Discharge LineHigh-pressure refrigerant vapors travel through the discharge line from the compressor outlet to the condenser inlet. Discharge Pressure The pressure of refrigerant vapor as it leaves the compressor, enters the discharge line and the condenser. Discharge Side The part of the A/C system from the outlet port of the compressor to the evaporator inlet. This section is also called the high-pressure side. AC system is divided into a low-pressure side and a high-pressure side. The compressor lies at the heart of the AC system and it’s the job of the compressor to draw in low-pressure side refrigerant from the evaporator through the suction port, compress the refrigerant before sending it on to the condenser. Discharging Battery Conversely, when electricity flows out of the battery, it is said to be discharging. Disconnected Exhaust The exhaust system is susceptible to corrosion, which leads to rust holes, rusted seams, and frequently leads to exhaust system replacements and repairs. As part of the corrosion process, it is not uncommon for the exhaust to become disconnected. Disconnected Vacuum Hose Located between the brake pedal and master cylinder, the power assist unit is used to amplify the pressure you apply on the brake pedal to push the pistons in the master cylinder forward, which in turn pressurizes the hydraulic circuit. However, over time hoses can become hardened, cracked or swollen or fit loosely at the booster connection. If the vacuum hose becomes damaged or disconnected then the brake will be more difficult to depress. DistributorThe distributor is responsible for orchestrating electrical pulses to the spark plugs. Distributor Base The distributor bases primary job is to simply house the working parts of the distributor and protect them from the elements. Distributor CapThe distributor cap sits on top to the distributor and protects the internal parts from water and dirt and also acts as the main distribution point for electrical current to the spark plugs. Distributor Cap's Central Terminal Distributor FaultThe distributor receives a high voltage electrical pulse from the coil and then distributes the charge to the spark plugs via the spark plug wires. However, over time the distributor can develop fine deposits of carbon that can cause voltage to short out or even cause the wrong spark plug to fire or not at all. If carbon or cracks are discovered in the distributor cap, it should be replaced. Distributorless Ignition System An ignition system that uses onboard computers and sensors to replace the traditional distributor. Distributor Rotor Makes contact inside the distributor to send electricity down the spark plug wires. Dog Teeth Domelight The dome light provides interior illumination and can be activated either manually by switch or when the car doors are opened. Down Flow RadiatorThe radiator is part of the cooling system and is mounted in the front of the engine compartment. Its primary job is to provide a large surface area from which heat can evaporate. Its surface area further enhanced with the attachment of thin metal fins. Coolant heated by the engine's combustion process enters the radiator and is cooled by the wind and exist the bottom of the radiator to be re-circulated through the engine. In a downflow radiator, coolant enters the top of the radiator from an upper radiator hose then flows down through a number of smaller circulation tubes. Heat is dissipated as the coolant travels through the radiator before it exits the radiator via the lower radiator hose and returns to the engine via the water pump. Double-wishbone Suspension A suspension configuration that utilizes bushings, ball joints, tie rod and the upper and lower control arms. Wishbone suspension offers superior handling benefits as well as the ability to handle bumps and pot holes. Dragging Brakes Brakes that remain partly engaged are commonly called "dragging brakes". Dragging brakes can cause the vehicle to feel as though it has lost power as well as reduce fuel economy. In addition, a tremendous amount of heat can build up around the brake assembly which could result in brake failure. Dragging brakes are frequently caused by either a parking brake that will not fully disengage or a sticking caliper piston or wheel cylinder. Drive Axle Drive Belt A type of rubber belt that harnesses the power of the engine to power accessories devices. Many new vehicles now use a single serpentine belt because it reduces the need for the smaller, V-belts that are more traditional. The single belt design reduces the need to maintain proper tension on multiple belts. Instead, a spring-activated tension assembly makes sure that proper belt tension is maintained at all times. Drive Belt A type of rubber belt that harnesses the power of the engine to power accessories devices like the power steering pump, alternator, or air conditioner compressor. Drive Disc Drive discs are discs that rotate under direct power. Drive Gear gears that operate under power and cause other gears (driven gears) to turn. Drive Line A complex system of parts that connects the transmission to the drive wheels. A basic driveline consists of the drive shaft, constant velocity (CV joint) or universal joints (U-joint) differentials and axles. Drive Shaft A metal shaft that connects the transfers torque (rotational power) from the transmission to the rear drive wheels of a vehicle via the differntial. Drive Wheels Driven Disc Driven discs are discs that cannot rotate under their own power. Rather, driven discs must rely on another source (drive disc) for power. Driven Gear Driven gears are gears that are powered by drive gears. Drum Brake Drum Brake A type of brake often found on the rear wheels. A wheel cylinder is activated by hydraulic pressure, causing pistons to push brake shoes against the inside surface of the drum. The resulting friction causes the wheel to slow or stop. Dry Rot Dry rot occurs when tires become dry and begin to crack. New tire are sealed with a protective coating that keeps tires supple, however over time and extended exposure to the sun and elements, the covering will begin to break down. Dual-Bed Catalytic Converter The catalytic converter is a smog reduction device located between the exhaust manifold and the muffler. The converter reduces harmful emissions by converting, or neutralizing these gases into harmless carbon dioxide and water. Most honeycomb block designs are divided into two seperate blocks, called a dual-bed catalytic converter. The dual bed converter uses injected air to help burn pollutants during the process. Dual Braking System The dual braking system is an emergency design feature that allows an automobile to stop even though a portion of the brake system suffers a catastrophic failure. In addition, should either brake circuit develop a leak, a valve will seal off the faulty brake line to ensure that at least one set of brakes will be able to stop the car. Dual Exhaust With two mufflers, catalytic converters and tailpipes, dual exhaust allows the engine to “breathe” more freely. Vehicles with dual exhaust have no need for a crossover pipe and often see an increase in horsepower. Dual exhaust removes more fumes from the combustion chambers, leaving more room for air and fuel intake. Du Cross Harvey Jr Purchased the patent for pneumatic bicycle tires from John Boyd Dunlop in 1889. Later, Du Cross launched the Dunlop Rubber Company, honoring the origional patent holder. Although Du Cross retained use of Dunlap's name, the former patent holder retained no financial interest in the company that bore his name. Dunlop Tire Dunlap John Boyd A native of Belfast Ireland, John Boyd Dunlop patented the pneumatic bicycle tire. Dunlop stretched a thin rubber sheet covered with fabric over the bicycle wheel and inflated the tire. Dunlop’s tire reduced vibration, was lighter and dramatically improved traction. Due to the rise in popularity of bicycles, Dunlop’s re-invention of R.W. Thompson’s earlier wagon tire patent was warmly received. Dynamic Balancing Machine Dynamic balancing machines spin mounted wheels to closely mimic normal driving conditions. Through the process of spinning the wheel, the machine can detect even slight vibrations caused by unevenly distributed weight around the wheel. Wheel weights are then added to evenly distribute the wheel's weight and smooth out tire rotation. Dynamic Imbalance Dynamic imbalance is caused by a heavy portion of the tire being located off of the tire's center lineoff and to one side. As a result, the wheel not only has a tendency to hop up and down, as found with static imbalance, but also tends to wobble from side to side. EEPA Edgar Graham Graham devised an octane rating system that classified gasoline based on its ability to resist premature ignition or detonation. Edison Thomas EGR Valve Many modern vehicles use an Exhaust Gas Recirculation valve to send some exhaust back into the combustion chambers. When combustion reaches temperatures above 1,400°, smog-forming nitrogen oxides are formed. Recycling a small amount of exhaust into the chambers reduces combustion temperature, so less poisonous gas is produced Electrical Circuit A continuous loop of electrical current flowing along wires and cables. Electrical Circuit FaultThe fuse protects an electrical circuit against damage caused by a short circuit by allowing fine connecting wires to burn in half, severing the connection and opening the circuit and cutting off the flow of electricity. Fuse boxes are frequently located under the dash. Fuses can easily be replaced. However, without identifying and repairing the source of the problem, the fuse will likely blow again. ated electrical circuit faults include wire shorts or a corroded electrical connector. Loose or corroded connections can frequently be serviced by simply tightening connections or cleaning corroded connections with a wire brush. Electrical Connetor Electrical connectors are an important part of an electrical system and come in a variety of forms, such as switches, relays, wires, lights, electric motors, sensors, computers, and plugs. Basically any part of an electrical circuit where two parts come together includes an electrical connector. Electrical Current Electrical current is a measure of how much electricity passes a given point in a fixed amount of time. Conceptually, electrical current is often thought of as a flowing stream of water. The flow of electricity, like water, can be measured in terms of how much water passes a given point in a fixed amount of time. For electricity, the current is measured in Amperes (Amps). Electric Pump A pump that delivers fuel from the gas tank to the engine. Most electric fuel pumps are of a rotary design that rely on centrifugal force to produce fuel line pressure. Most new vehicles use an electrical fuel pump located in the fuel tank. Electric fuel pumps offer a number of advantages over older mechanical versions. Firstly, they are usually located in the gas tank and can provide consistent fuel line pressure which reduces the possibility of vapor lock. In addition, fuel line pressure occurs almost instantaneously whereas, mechanical pumps gradually increase pressure. Finally, the flow rate is smoother and than mechanical pumps which increases performance. Electrical Rotor Makes contact inside the distributor to send electricity down the spark plug wires. Electrical Short Electrical Solenoid An electrical switch able to handle a lot of electrical current. You need a solenoid to turn the starter. Electrical System Electronic Coil Module Electric Starter Electrode Electrolyte A fluid substance that produces an ionically conducting solution. Electrolytes are found in the human body as well as in automobile batteries. An automobile battery relies on a water and sulfuric acid solution to conduct electricity. Electromagnet An electromagnet is formed when wire is coiled around a steel or iron bar. When electricity is introduced, a magnetic field is formed around the bar. When the electrical current is shut off, the magnetic field collapses. An automobile relies on electromagnets in a variety of devices from the electric horn to the alternator and others. Electronic Ignition An ignition system in which the timing and firing of the spark plugs is controlled by an electronic control unit (ignition control module) and a distributor pickup coil. These types of systems don't require points or a condenser. Electronic Spark Advance Emissions Control Emissions control is concerned with reducing the amount of harmful substances that are released into the atmosphere by combustion engines. Engine A device designed to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy to produce force or motion. Engine Accessory A piece of equipment or a device that is powered by the engine or fluid from another part of the vehicle. Common engine accessories include the air conditioning compressor, the power steering pump, alternator, and air pump. Engine Block The metal block in which the cylinders and crankshaft are located. The oil pan, cylinder head and other components are mounted here Engine Control Module The engine control module is one of the primary computer modules. It helps coordinate the operation of the engine and can tweak performance based on sensor readings. The engine idle, fuel injection, emissions and ignition timing can all be controlled with the engine control module Engine Control Unit An engine management system that relies on sensors to send data to a centralized computer. The onboard computer compares the data readings with pre-set engine performance measures. Based on the reading, the computer can activate adjustments to optimize performance. If the sensor readings are too far out of normal parameters a trouble code is activated. Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor The sensor is generally located just before the thermostat and provides a way for the Engine Control Module (ECM) to know the average engine temperature. The onboard computer monitors and responds to changes in engine coolant temperature by regulating the thermostat and turning on warning lights Engine Knock A pinging sound when two flame fronts collide inside the combustion chamber. Incorrect timing or burning low octane fuel can frequently cause engine knock. Engine In-tune A state in which the engine's ignition timing, spark plugs and filters are in a condition to deliver optimal engine performance. Engine Mount Engine mounts help support the engine and prevent vibration from shaking the automobile. Engine Performance Broadly speaking, engine performance is a qualitative measure of anything that has to do with how the engine operates. While a bit of a general term, engine performance tends to include concepts like fuel economy, power production, ignition timing and auto emissions. Engine Vacuum Engine vacuum occurs during the down stroke. When the piston is at the very top of the cylinder, the cylinder is essentially sealed and no air exists in the chamber. However, on the down stroke, the force of the piston draws rushing air into the cylinder. In short, the surrounding air is trying to equalize the pressure inside the cylinder with the surrounding air. Environmental Protection Agency Evaporator The evaporator is a critical part of the refrigeration cycle and is where refrigerant releases heat it has absorbed as part of the cooling process. Once heat is release, refrigerant returns to its cold vapor state. In short, the evaporator acts like an air-to-air heat exchange Evaporation Emissions Control The Evaporation Emissions Control (EVAP) system is designed to function as a closed loop recycling system to prevent fuel vapors from leaking into the atmosphere. Evaporation Emissions Fault Over time, the connecting fuel evaporation emissions hose or gas cap seal may deteriorate. Charcoal canisters may also become clogged or the charcoal canister valve may fail. Excessive Parking Brake Cable Tension Parking brakes rely on mechanical means to apply brakes. Using cables that run under the car, cable tension is increased by either pulling up on a hand brake or depressing a foot pedal. The Increased cable tension pulls a lever assembly inside the drum or disc brake assembly, forcing the brake linings against the rear brake drums or making brake discs unable to rotate. Appropriate cable tension is very important for the parking brake to work properly. Brake cable that has been tightened excessively will not allow the parking brake to release completely Exhaust Emissions Exhaust emissions are the by product of burning air and fuel during the combustion process. Exhaust Gas Recirculation The exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system was developed as a way to recycle exhaust fumes and prevent the formation of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). NOx forms when fuel is burned at an extremely high temperature. The EGR system lowers combustion temperatures by diluting the oxygen level of the air entering the engine, thereby reducing temperatures. Exhaust Gas Recirculation Valve Exhaust Hanger Exhaust hangers are metal wires used to support and secure the length of the exhaust system to the underside of the vehicle. Exhaust ManifoldA series of gently curving, cast iron pipes that accept exhaust from the combustion chambers. Gases move from the exhaust manifold to the catalytic converter for neutralization. Exhaust Pipes Slightly curving metal pipes that connect the exhaust manifold, catalytic converter and muffler. Exhaust pipes provide a means to evacuate engine exhaust to the rear of the automobile. Exhaust System The exhaust system quiets and neutralizes exhaust gases that are by-products of the combustion process. A series of metal clamps, joint solders and rings hold the system is place and give it flexibility and added noise insulation. Expansion Valve From the receiver-dryer, refrigerant returns to the evaporator unit via the expansion valve. The expansion valve acts as a transition point from the high-pressure side of the AC system Extension Housing FFCC The Federal Communications Commision (FCC) has broad powers to regulate the use of radio frequencies. They have the ability to assign frequencies and call signals as well as enforce FCC rules and regulations from advertising to obsenity. Failing Booster Diaphragm Power assist units generally come in one of two types, a vacuum-assisted booster or a hydraulic-assisted booster. Vacuum assisted boosters use a diaphragm and piston to create an atmospheric low pressure area and the engine's vacuum to help push the piston forward. However, over time diaphragms can fail to seal. As a result, braking becomes more difficult. Fan Belt Also called a serpentine belt. Fan belts connect and power accessory components like the water pump, the alternator, power steering pump or AC compressor Fan Motor An electric motor with a fan that controls the airflow to the interior of a vehicle Faraday Michael Faraday was a British physicist and chemist who is remembered for his ground breaking research that laid the foundation for our understanding of electromagnetism. Farwell Adams In 1910, Adams Farwell of Dubuque Iowa developed the first fuel injection system for a Diesel engine. Faulty Air Injection Diverter Valve Normally, the air injection diverter valve keeps air from entering the exhaust during deceleration. When the diverter valve goes bad, the diverter fails to properly seal, and allows air to mix with residual fuel vapors present in the exhaust, causing a mini explosion in the exhaust that we call a backfire. Faulty Combination Valve The combination valve is a multi function valve that is designed to equalize braking action in all of the wheels during light braking as well as house the brake warning light switch. However if the combination valve fails to work properly, the front disc brakes can be activated prior to the rear brakes, resulting in poor handling and can cause the front brakes to grab. Faulty Contact At The Signal Switch The turn signal switch turns electricity on and off to the turn indicator bulb. As the bulbs receive current, its filament or element, becomes hot and begins to glow, producing light. A flasher unit opens and closes the circuit to the light causing light to flash on and off. However, if the indicator light switch becomes defective it can fail to close the electrical circuit, keeping the turn signal lights from illuminating. Dirty or pitted electrical contacts or a broken switch frequently causes switch faults. Faulty EGR Sensor The exhaust gas re circulation, or (ERG) system was designed to reduce harmful exhaust emissions. Specifically, the EGR reduces nitrous oxide emissions. A small electronic sensor is built into many valves to determine EGR valve position and sometimes gas flow. But if either the valve or the valve sensor fail, the system is unable to regulate the proper flow of exhaust gas and as a result your vehicle may be emitting higher NOx levels than permitted by law. Faulty EGR SensorThe EGR reduces nitrous oxide emissions. But if either the valve or the valve sensor fail, the system is unable to regulate the proper flow of exhaust gas and as a result your vehicle may be emitting higher NOx levels than permitted by law. Faulty EGR System During the combustion process, temperatures can get very hot. If the temperature reaches 2,500 degrees or more nitrous oxide (NOx) forms. Nitrous oxide is a major contributor to smog. So to help reduce combustion temperatures, exhaust is recycled and mixed with the air fuel mixture before it is sent into the combustion chamber and burned. By simply diluting the percentage of oxygen rich fresh air present in the air /fuel mixture, nitrous oxide emissions can be reduced. The EGR valve is responsible for regulating the flow of exhaust gas into the intake manifold. A small electronic sensor is built into many valves to determine EGR valve position and sometimes gas flow. But if either the valve or the valve sensor fail, the system is unable to regulate the proper flow of exhaust gas and as a result your vehicle may be emitting higher NOx levels than permitted by law. Faulty EGR ValveThe exhaust gas re circulation, or (ERG) system was designed to reduce harmful exhaust emissions. Faulty Fuel Pressure Regulator The fuel pressure regulator works with the fuel pump to deliver the proper amount of fuel to the fuel injector. However, too much fuel can cause an adverse affect on engine performance. If too much fuel enters the engine, residual fuel molecules will enter the exhaust system. Faulty Fuel Pump An electric fuel pump delivers fuel from the gas tank to the engine and may be located inside the fuel tank or somewhere within the fuel line. However, over time electric fuel pumps may malfunction. Faulty Fuel Pressure Regulatory The fuel pressure regulator works with the fuel pump to deliver the proper amount of fuel to the fuel injector. A fuel pressure regulator operating at low pressure tends to reduce the amount of fuel available for combustion causing an overly lean mixture of air-fuel. Defective fuel pressure regulators can also make it difficult to start the vehicle. Faulty Ignition Switch The ignition switch is responsible for delivering an electrical current to the ignition control module or ignition coil. If the switch goes bad then your auto can’t start. A good first test is to check and see if the lights and radio work normally, and if the dashlights dim when you turn the ignition, If they don’t then your ignition switch might be bad. Faulty Rectifier Electricity produced by your automobile’s alternator is alternating current or AC. However, your vehicle’s electrical system is designed to only operate under direct current. The rectifier assembly changes the flow of electrical current into direct current or DC. A defective rectifier frequently causes an erratic or low level of electrical current to the battery causing the battery to weaken as well as cause the computer system to malfunction. Faulty Spark Plug WireSpark plug wires are responsible for carrying the electric current from the distributor to the spark plugs. Spark plug wires contain fiber cores that help reduce the elctrical current and reduce spark plug wear. An insulated rubber boot fits over the top of the spark plug, protecting the connection from water, dirt and voltage loss. However, over time spark plug wire connections can become loose, or the rubber covering can develop cracks, become hard and brittle or the insulation can become faulty. Faulty Vacuum Assist Unit Power assist units generally come in one of two types, a vacuum-assisted booster or a hydraulic-assisted booster. Vacuum assisted boosters use a diaphragm and piston to create an atmospheric low pressure area and the engine's vacuum to help push the piston forward. Vacuum boosters are most likely to fail either at the vacuum hose or diaphragm. Hoses can become hardened, cracked or swollen or fit loosely at the booster connection. Diaphragms can fail to seal Faulty Valve Guide Valves open and close to allow air-fuel mixture to enter the combustion chamber and exhaust to exit following combustion. Over time, a leaking valve stem seal will let oil drain down the valve stem where it can be pulled into the intake or exhaust port and burned. Faulty Voltage Regulator The voltage regulator controls the amount of electrical output, or volts, of the alternator. Traditionally, the voltage regulator might be mounted in or on the alternator but many modern vehicles rely on the engine control module to regulate voltage. When the voltage regulator stops working properly, electrical output from the alternator can fluctuate resulting in either too little or too much electricity flowing to the battery. The alternator or charging warning light will usually illuminate The battery can become under or over charged and can adversely affect accessories causing fuses to blow, bulbs to burn out prematurely or lights to be especially bright or turn signals to blink abnormally fast. Federal Communications Commission Feeler Gauge A device used to measure the spark plug gap, point gap or valve clearance. Firestone Harvey S In 1900 and only 31, Firestone launched the Firestone Tire & Rubber Company. Besides becoming an early industry leader, Firestone was one of the first industrialists to limit workdays to 8 hours and offer stock options to the average worker. In addition, Harvey rubbed elbows with some of the greatest inventors and entreprenuers of the day, including Henry Ford and Thomas Edison. But no matter how successful Firestone became, he is said to have maintained a deep connetion to his rural midwestern upbringing and spent a great deal of time at the family farm. Firestone Tire & Rubber Company An early tire and rubber company launched by 31-year-old inventor and entrepreneur named Harvey S. Firestone. Firestone began production in Akron, Ohio with 12 employees. After a series of high profile accidents involving rollovers, Firestone was acquired by Bridgestone in 1988. Fire Wall The firewall is a metal wall that separates the engine and passenger compartments. Firewall The firewall is a metal wall that separates the engine and passenger compartments Firing OrderSpark plug firing order refers to the sequence in which all of the plugs receive electrical pulses. In standard ignition systems, firing orders are established by the placement of ignition cables (spark plug wires) around the top of the distributor cap. Flame FrontTerm used to describe how the air/fuel mixture ignites during the combustion process. The flame front should move systematically across the combustion chamber Flasher Unit The turn signal flasher unit is responsible for causing the turn signal to flash on and off. Flash PointThe temperature at which diesel fuel ignites. Float Bowl Chamber inside a carburetor that holds a small amount of fuel before it is ready to be mixed with air and form a combustible mixture. The name 'float bowl' takes its name from the small float that regulates the amount of fuel that enters the bowl. Flooding Too much fuel is present in the combustion chamber for it to ignite. For optimal combustion, air and fuel are mixed into a highly volatile vapor and ignited. Flushing The process of draining old refrigerant from the A/C system and then using a chemical to remove sludge, rust, or dirt from inside A/C components. Once the flushing process is completed, fresh refrigerant is added to restore the proper refrigerant flow and prevent clogging. Cooling systems are also frequently flushed. Flywheel The flywheel is a large round disc that connects the engine to an automobile's drive train. Flywheels provide the engine’s crankshaft has a drive disc attached to the end, called a flywheel. As the crankshaft rotates, the flywheel continuously rotates even FM Radio In 1933 Edwin Howard Armstrong introduced the wide-band frequency modulation (FM) system. The first commercial FM radio broadcast is by W47MV (now WSM-FM) in Nashville, TN, on Dec. 31, 1941. Footprint The amount of tread in contact with the road at any given time. Footprint is also known as a tire's "contact patch." 4 Wheel Drive A type of transmission configuration whereby all four wheels can be powered (driven) depending on the driving needs. Forward Drive Clutch Free Wheeling FreonA Dupont trademarked brand of refrigerant R-12. Freon was first offered as a commercial refrigerant in the 1930s and was adopted for use in American manufactured autos in the 1940s. By the 1980s R-12 became associated with other Chemicals that scientist linked to the depletion of the Ozone layer and the gradual warming of the earth’s Atmosphere. So-called greenhouse gases are part of a chemical class called CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). Frequency Frequency Modulation Friction Surface resistance to motion that slows down movement or creates drag. Heat is a natural by-product of friction. Friction Clutch Friction Material Heat-resistant material that lines brake shoes or pads. Brake pad and shoe surfaces are made out of a fricion material compound. The pad surface or lining has a texture similar to fine sandpaper When brake pads are pressed against the spinning brake rotor it creates friction, or drag. When enough friction is created, the wheels will eventually stop turning. Front Axle Front Wheel Drive A transmission configuration whereby the engine powers the front wheels of an automobile. Frozen Caliper Frozen Brake Caliper Stepping on the brake pedal pressurizes the brake’s hydraulic circuit causing a hydraulic piston to activate a vice-like device called the brake caliper. The caliper in turn forces the brake pads to grip the spinning rotor Over time, the caliper or piston can fail to fully open or close due to corrosion or lack of proper lubrication. As a result, when the brakes are applied, they will tend to be applied unevenly and cause the vehicle to pull to one side. A sticking caliper piston will cause braking to be uneven and lead to uneven or premature pad wear. It may also cause the brakes to overheat if the caliper freezes with the brakes on. Fuel Bowl A Chamber inside a carburetor that holds a small amount of fuel before it is ready to be mixed with air and form a combustible mixture. Fuel Cap Fuel or gas caps(pressure caps) provide an air tight seal over the gas tank's fill tube. Fuel Efficiency Fuel efficiency (fuel economy) is a measure of comparing the number of miles your automobile can drive on one gallon of gas to the estimated Miles Per Gallon (MPG) of the manufacturer. Fuel Filter An important devise designed to strain impurities from fuel before it enters the carburetor or fuel injector. Many vehicles are equipped with a number of fuel filters throughout the fuel system. Fuel Flow Regulator A fuel flow regulator meters the rate of fuel sent to the engine to optimize flow rates and maximize engine performance and efficiency. Fuel Hose Fuel InjectionAn electronically controlled way to squirt a pre determinded amount of fuel into the engine where it is burned. Fuel InjectorA device that injects a vaporized mist of air and fuel at relatively high pressure into combustion chambers. The injection process occurs at a predetermined time and in response to data collected by an electronic sensing device. An on board computer controls the fuel injection system and makes adjustments based on optimal performance needs. Fuel Line Fuel lines are made of steel tubing and used to connect large segments between the fuel tank and the engine. Fuel lines must be durable and resist rusting, braking and be able to withstand constant vibrations. Fuel Metering Fuel metering is the process of mixing fuel with air and delivering the mixture to the engine. In carburetors, fuel metering occurs as fuel is sucked out of the fuel bowl and mixed with air in the carburetor barrel before being drawn into the combustion chamber where the mixuture is burned Fuel Pressure Regulator Found on fuel injection systems, fuel pressure regulators control the amount of pressure entering the injection valves. Once the preset pressure limit is met, the excess fuel is returned to the tank. Fuel Pump A pump that draws fuel from the fuel tank to the fuel injectors or the carburetor. Most vehicles manufactured today rely on electric fuel pumps that are located in the fuel tank. The newer construction improves performance and reduces the chances of vapor lock. Fuel Rail Fuel rails are found in multi-port injection systems and consist of a hollow tube that connects the fuel line to the fuel injectors Fuel Sensor Fuel Pressure Regulator Operating At High Pressure When the fuel pressure regulator is operating at an excessive pressure level, then air fuel mixture will contain too much fuel. An overly rich fuel mixture causes fuel economy to suffer as well as engine performance. Fuel System Inspection Fuel Tank The fuel tank is a sealed storage container that is fastened underneath the vehicle by a series of bolts and brackets. The gas tank holds excess fuel needed to operate your automobile. Fuse A simple circuit breaker. Fuses keep electrical shorts or current overloads from damaging either electrical parts or the electrical circuit. Fuse Box Fuses are located in a centralized location called the fuse box. Frequently fuse boxes are located under the dash, but may be located under the hood or even in the trunk or under the seat. GGap The spark gap is the distance between the center and side electrode. Gas Gas Cap Fuel or gas caps(pressure caps) provide an air tight seal over the gas tank's fill tube and prevent both the evaporation of fuel as well as seal off the fuel system from outside contaminents. Gas Grade Gas grade is a general term that refers to gasoline's quality. Gasket A flexible material placed between two surfaces that create a leak-proof seal against air, fluid or gases. Gas Tank A box-like fuel storage container usually located under the trunk. Gauge Gauges are visual devices that relay imporant conditional information to the driver. Gear A circular object with teeth cut along the edge. Gears can be used with other gears to transfer energy or force. In addition, gears can increase or decrease turning force (torq Gear Box, General Tire 1915 W.F. O’Neil establishes the General Tire and Rubber Company in Akron Ohio. In many respects, General Tire was a rather late entrant into the tire industry. In fact, by the time General Tire began operations, three of the world’s largest tire companies including B.F. Goodrich, Goodyear and Firestone called Akron home. Nonetheless, General Tire would ultimately carve out a profitable niche within the second tier tire market. Gear Ratio Gear ratio is the relationship between the number of turns of a drive gear and and driven gear. Gear Shift Gear Shift Lever A lever that allows a driver to manually select different transmission gears. Both manual and automatic transmissions are equipped with gear shift levers. Geo-synchronous Orbit A postion aproximately 23,000 feet above the eath's surface, where a velocity of 1,000 miles an hour in the same direction as the earth's rotation makes a satellite appear to be stationary. Gilbert William In 1600 Gilbert was an attending physician to Queen Elizabeth I of England and was the first person to use the word "electric". Glass Pack A straight-through muffler design in which the exhaust pipe is surrounded by fiberglass packing. Glass packs provide only minimal noise reduction. Glazed Belt A shiny coating on the inside surface of the belt. Glazing occurs when the belt continuously slips at high speed. Whenever glazing is identified, a belt should be replaced. Glazed Brake Pads Glazed brakes can occur due to the build up of brake dust or by becoming excessively hot due to constant braking or ridding the brakes. No matter the cause, the surface of the brake pad will generally appear shinny and feel smoother than normal. The abnormally smooth surface reduces the amount of friction generated between the pad and rotor and as a result, it frequently takes longer to stop. Glazed brakes are also more prone to squeak when applied. Glow Plug Found in diesel engines, glow plugs generate heat needed to ignite fuel in the combustion chamber. Goodrich Benjamin Franklin Originally from Ripley, New York, the one-time Civil War physician began his tire and rubber carreer in New York, but ultimately left the highly competitive New York market. An exploratory train trip brought Goodrich to Akron Ohio in 1870. A short time later, he founded the B.F. Goodrich Tire Company. Goodrich's success inspired others companies to set up shop in Akron and in time, Akron became the tire capital of the world. Goodrich died in 1888, 18 years after launching his tire and rubber company. Goodyear Charles Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber in 1839. His invention paved the way for the industrial use of rubber, which would play a key role in the development of the automobile tire industry. Although a miraculous invention, Charles Goodyear would die deeply in debt and never witness the true value of his contribution. In 1898 Frank Seiberling launched the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. Although Charles Goodyear is honored in name, neither he nor his family had a financial interest in the tire company. Goodyear Tire And Rubber Company Governor A device designed to limit engine speed. Grease Seal A cap that provides a seal to keep lubricate in and dirt and water out of the wheel bearing assembly Green House Gases A group of chlorine based chemicals that scientists have linked to the depletion of the Ozone layer and the gradual warming of the earth’s atmosphere. So-called greenhouse gases are no longer manufactured for sale in the US since December 31 1995. Prior to its phased out production, R-12 was the primary refrigerant used in vehicles. It has been subsequently replaced by more environmentally friendly refrigerants, such as R-134a. Ground Negative side of your cars electrical system, the frame of the car. GPS Navigation GPS navigation relies on a constellation of 27 orbiting satellites. Each satellite operates at about 12,000 feet and rotates around the earth twice a day. HHC Hydrocarbon (HC) are present in petroleum products like gas and oil and can be emitted into the atmosphere either through the combustion process or through simple evaporation, such as gas evaporating from a worn fuel cap seal. HVAC An acronym for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Haagen-Smit Arie Known as the father of pollution control, Dr. Haagen-Smit was a pioneering researcher into the causes of smog. Haagen-Smit's research became the foundation for auto emissions control and greenhouse gases (chlorofluorocarbons) research. Halogen Headlamp Halogen lamps use a quartz lightbulb with a tungsten filament. The bulb is filled with halogen gas. Halogen headlights tend to burn more brightly than traditional lights and can typically be identified by their whiter illumination. Halogen Headlamp Bulb Halogen lamps use a quartz lightbulb with a tungsten filament. The bulb is filled with halogen gas. Halogen headlights tend to burn more brightly than traditional lights and can typically be identified by their whiter illumination. Handbrake A mechanical device that provides a means of applying the parking (emergency) brake. By pulling up on the hand brake, cable tension is increased and the rear brakes are engaged. Hard Starting There is little mystery behind the term, hard starting. In short, your engine is hard to start. What causes a hard starting engine is rarely so clear. The problem often involves either the fuel or ignition systems, but could include a computer/sensor or mechanical problem. Hazard Light The hazard light is used to alert other motorists The emergency flasher operates by quickly opening and closing the electrical circuit to the signal bulb, causing it to flash. Hazard Light Circuit Fault The hazard light is used to alert other motorists that your vehicle has a problem. The electrical switch is responsible for closing the electrical circuit that allows an electrical current to flow to the hazard lights. As the bulbs receive current, their filament or element, becomes hot and begins to glow, producing light. A flasher unit opens and closes the circuit to the light causing light to flash on and off. However, if the emergency light switch becomes defective, it can fail to close the electrical circuit, keeping the emergency lights from lighting. A hazard light that remains on and fails to flash likely has a bad flasher unit Hazardlight Flasher Unit The emergency flasher operates by quickly opening and closing the electrical circuit to the signal bulb, causing it to flash. The flasher unit contains a temperature sensitive metallic strip and a heating element. The metallic strip is connected to contact points and a fuse. When electrical current flows through the emergency signal flasher, the metallic strip becomes heated and curls, breaking the electric current and turning off the flasher. The metallic strip cools very rapidly, causing the strip to straighten out and reconnecting the circuit. This cycle repeats about once per second. Hazard flashers are very sensitive to the amount of electrical current flowing through them. Head GasketThe seal between the engine block and cylinder head. This gasket keeps coolant from leaking into the cylinders and free from contamination by exhaust gases. A 'blown' head gasket is a leaking gasket and causes a loss of compression. Headlight Headlight Dimmer Switch The dimmer switch controls the low and high beam function on your headlights by determining which bulb filaments receive an electrical current. In most modern cars the dimmer switch is located on the steering column. Headlight Switch The headlight switch closes the electrical circuit allowing current to flow to the headlights. When an electrical current flows through the bulb element or filament, it gets hot and glows to produce light. Heater Control Valve A valve the opens and closes, regulating the flow of hot coolant through the heater core. When the valve is open, coolant is allowed to circulate through a small radiator-like device and heat the passenger compartment. When the heater is turned off, coolant bypasses the heater core through a bypass valve and circulated back to the radiator Heater Core A small radiator-like device located inside the passenger compartment. When the heater is turned on, hot coolant flows through the heater core. Heat evaporates from heater core and warms the passenger compartment. Heater Ducts Heater ducts are plastic tubes that connect the vents in the passenger compartment to the heater fan. As the heater fan blows over the heater core, hot air is blown through the ducts and exits the vents Heater Fan Heater fans regulate the speed of air as it passes over the heater core, and travels through the heater duct before it is introduced into the passenger compartment. Heater Valve The heater valve is controlled by the heater setting on the climate control. Heating System Part of an automobile's climate control system, the heating system warms the passenger compartment by circulating hot coolant through a radiator-like device. An electric fan expedites heat evaporation for more rapid heating. Heat Shield The exhaust system handles both hot engine exhuast and generates additional heat through the operation of the catalytic converter. To protect the underneath of the automobile, and heat sensitive parts and wiring, a heat shield is installed. Constructed of sheet metal or fiberglass, heat shields are a protective barrier against the damaging affects of heat. Hertz Heinrich Rudolf (1857-1894) A German professor of physics. Hertz is most known for his work in the field of electromagnetic theory. Hertz proved that electricity can be transmitted in electromagnetic waves.Hertz became the first person to broadcast and receive radio waves, and to establish the fact that light was a form of electromagnetic radiation. His name also became the term used for radio and electrical frequencies: Frequency is expressed in hertz (Hz); a frequency of 1 Hz means that there is 1 cycle or oscillation per second. Hertz Hertz (Hz) is a unit measure frequency. One Hertz is equal to one cycle (ocillation) per second. High Performance Tire These lightweight tires are usually H or Z rated and designed for superior handling and cornering. These tires wear quickly and are typically used on sports cars. High Pressure Line The part of the A/C system from the outlet port of the compressor and orifice tube or expansion valve. AC system is divided into a low-pressure side and a high-pressure side. The compressor lies at the heart of the AC system and it’s the job of the compressor to draw in low pressure side refrigerant from the evaporator through the suction port, compress the refrigerant before sending it on to the condenser. High Pressure Side The part of the A/C system from the outlet port of the compressor and orifice tube or expansion valve. High Voltage Cable High voltage cables carry electrical current from the coil to the spark plugs. Hole In The Exhaust The exhaust system is susceptible to corrosion, which leads to rust holes, rusted seams, and frequently leads to exhaust system replacements and repairs. one of the first indications of a hole in the exhaust is a change in the sound quality of their exhaust system. Horn Horse Power The measurement of an engine's ability to work. Although it sounds a bit antiquated, horsepower (hp) is defined as the ability to move 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. Hose Assembly The combination of rubber hoses and steel pipes through which refrigerants such as R-12 or R-134a pass between A/C components Houdry Eugene Hub A circular piece of metal that attaches to the wheel and rotates around the spindle. Hydraulic Pressure Hydraulic pressure is a force that is transmitted through liquid. Hydraulic Circuit A closed loop system of tubes and parts that contains hydraulic fluid. When pressure (hydraulic) is introduced at one eng of the circuit, force travels through the fluid and is manifested at the other end of the circuit. Hydraulic Clutch Hydraulic Piston Hydraulic Pressure Hydraulic pressure is a force that is transmitted through liquid. Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbons (HC) are present in petroleum products like gas and oil and can be emitted into the atmosphere either through the combustion process or through simple evaporation, such as gas evaporating from a worn fuel cap seal. Hydrocarbon Emissions Hydrocarbons (HC) are present in petroleum products like gas and oil and can be emitted into the atmosphere either through the combustion process or through simple evaporation, such as gas evaporating from a worn fuel cap seal. Hydro Meter Hydroplaning The accumulation of water in a film under a tire (contact patch) which causes a tire to lift from the road surface, losing traction. Hydroplaning is affected by vehicle speed, tread pattern, and water depth. IIdle Running the engine while the vehicle is stopped and the gas pedal is not depressed. Idler Arm Provide support to the steering linkage as it moves back and forth. Idler arms pivot around a support that is attached to the car's frame, eliminating any erratic movement produced when the wheels encounter bumps. Idler Link Ignition Ignition Cable Also known as spark plug wires,ignition cables are responsible for carrying the electric current from the distributor to the spark plugs. IgnitionA system of parts that works together to create and distribute an electrical spark to the engine. Ignition Control Module The ignition control module (ICM) is a small computer that works with other parts of the distributorlesss ignition system to manage the firing of spark plugs. Ignition Fault Ignition Module The Ignition Control Module is responsible for both monitoring and managing the ignition system operation. The module takes the place of traditional distributor-based ignition systems. Ignition Switch The ignition switch is a key-activated switch mounted on the steering column. When the key is turned to the on position, an electrical circuit is completed between the battery and the ignition and electrical systems. Ignition System A system that increases and distributes electrical current. Ignition System Fault Ignition Timing Igniton timing is co-ordination of when the plug's spark, the delivery of air and fuel into the combustion chamber and the location of the piston when ignition occurs. For your vehicle's ignition system to work properly all of these things must be highly choreographed and occur with exacting precision. Impeller Impellers are devices that spin inside of centrifugal pumps, in order to develop centrifugal force. Improper Camber Setting Excessive wear along one side indicates a wheel alignment problem involving the wheel’s camber. Camber is a measure of how perpendicular the wheel is to the road, or in other words, how much the tire is leaning to one side or the other. Improper Caster Setting If you draw a line through the ball joint and the center of the wheel, caster angle corresponds to the angle of that line. An automobile with an improper caster alignment will tend to cause tires to wear abnormally as well as deminish steering responsiveness, particularly at higher speeds or when cornering. Improper Toe Alignment The wheel’s toe is a measure of how parallel the wheel is to the vehicle’s frame. Improper toe alingment can cause handling problems and will cause the tires to wear abnormally. Sometimes called feathering, the appearance of a saw-toothed pattern with sharp edges indicates that the vehicle’s toe is in need of adjustment Incorrect Choke Setting The choke acts like an air regulator, controlling the amount of air that mixes with fuel during the combustion process. Automatic chokes use a thermostatic spring of coil to adjust a butterfly valve at the top of the carburetor. Over time the spring can become weak or inoperable or gummy deposits can impede the normal movement of the choke. If the choke sticks closed, then an overly rich mixture of fuel is burned in the combustion chamber. Conversely, a choke that is stuck in the open position, the air/fuel mixture (ratio) will be overly lean. As a consequence, it may be difficult to start a cold engine. In addition, engine performance will suffer. [:trem-incorrectfuelpressuresetting, Incorrect Fuel Pressure Setting:]A fuel pressure regulator operating at low pressure tends to reduce the amount of fuel available for combustion causing an overly lean mixture of air-fuel. While operating at lower speeds, low fuel line pressure may be less noticeable, but during acceleration or higher speeds needs more fuel and the engine becomes starved for fuel causing slow or inconsistent acceleration. Defective fuel pressure regulators can also make it difficult to start the vehicle. Incorrect Air-Fuel ratio Incorrect Fuel Pressure Setting Incorrect Ignition Timing The engine's timing is critical for optimal engine performance and is a highly choreographed event involving the engine's valves, pistons, ignition system and fuel delivery. If the spark is delivered too early, it will burn the fuel prematurely causing the engine to ping, also called pre ignition or knocking. If ignition occurs too late, the engine will lack power. In addition, incorrect timing can cause the engine to run rough, reduce fuel efficiency and sometimes even damage the engine. Incorrectly Set Fuel Pressure Regulator Incorrect Timing Independentsuspension The left and right wheels move independently of each other so that a disturbance to one side of the car has no effect on the other. Universal on most recent passenger cars, independent front suspension helps keep trauma on one wheel from affecting the other. In short, it helps smooth out bumps and improves traction in some situations. Indicator Light Indicator lights (warning lights) alert drivers when a problem or condition occurs. Sensors located throughout your automobile are constantly monitoring events or conditions and reporting data readings back to a computer module. If a sensor reading appears out of a pre-determined range, a warning light may illuminate on the instrument panel to alert the driver. Inflation Pressure The pressure of air inside a tire which stretches the tire's cords permitting the tire to carry the vehicle's load. Injector Pulse Width.Fuel injectors are controlled by flow of electricity to a spring loaded valve called a solenoid. When electricity is turned on, the valve opens and fuel enters the engine where it is burned. When electricity is turned off, the valve closes and shuts off the flow of fuel. The amount of time the current is on is called the injector pulse width. By controlling how long the electrical current stays on, the computer can control how much fuel is ultimately being burned. In-line Fuel Filter To remove potential contaminants such as moisture and dirt from the fuel system that would adversely effect engine performance, a series of fuel filters are installed. In-line fuel filters are located between the fuel tank and the fuel injectors (carburetor). Inner race Part of the wheel bearing assembly, the inner race rests on the spindle. Inner Tube An Inner tube is an inflatable circular rubber bladder found in old fashioned tires. Inner tubes are equipped with a bi-directional valve that allows air to be both added or removed. Inoperable HornThe horn relies on an electromagnet to cause a diaphragm in the horn assembly to vibrate. When you press on the horn it closes the horn switch and activates the horn relay and completes the electrical circuit. When electricity passes through the electromagnet, it pulls the diaphragm until another set of electrical points are activated that allow the diaphragm to return to their original position. Inoperable horns are usually caused by a blown fuse or a bad electrical connection. Inoperable Water Pump The water pump draws coolant from the radiator through the bottom radiator hose and circulates it through the engine. Coolant absorbs heat produced by the combustion chamber. When circulated through the radiator, heat is dissipated into the atmosphere. Water pumps are often a source of overheating. Water pumps are belt driven and will fail to work if the belt is broken or slipping. In addition, a bad water pump may leak coolant from a worn seal, fail to circulate coolant due to a damaged impeller or a broken shaft. Rust may also accumulate and restrict the amount of circulating coolant Input Gear Input Shaft Intake Manifold The intake manifold is found in carbureted engines and is responsible for accepting air and fuel from the throttle body. Air and fuel are routed from the intake manifold to each of the engine cylinders via passages called "runners." Intake Manifold The intake manifold is found in carbureted engines and is responsible for accepting air and fuel from the throttle body. Air and fuel are routed from the intake manifold to each of the engine cylinders via passages called "runners." Just above the cylinders, intake valves regulate the flow of air and fuel into the combustion chambers. Internal Fuel Filter An important device designed to strain impurities from fuel just before it enters the carburetor or fuel injector. Ionosphere A layer of atmosphere between 30 and 370 miles above the earth's surface. In this region, free electrons are prevelant and can have a decided affect on radio waves. Ishibashi Shojiro Japanese inventor and entreprenuer who founded the Bridgestone Tire Co., Ltd.in 1931. Shojiro was an early adherent to W.E. Demming’s revolutionary manufacturing concept of Total Quality Control systems or TQM. Total Quality Management (TQM) is based on the principles of Quality Assurance. In 1988, Bridgestone bought Firestone. The companies were consolidated in 1990 under a unified organization called Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. J KJump Start A method of starting an automobile with a weak or dead battery through the use of jumper cables. Kettering Charles One of the most prolific inventors of the 20th century, Kettering would hold over 200 patents by the time of his death. With patents as diverse as the including the electric cash register and safety glass, Kettering is most remembered for inventing the electric automobile starter. Kick Down Valve Kilohertz Kilohertz is a measure of wave activity meaning thousands of cycles (ocillations) per second. Klaxon Electric automobile horns were origionally called the Klaxon (from the Latin word Klaxo for shreik or scream. The Klaxon was the first mass adopted electric horn and became popular around 1915. Previously, squeeze horns or even bells were used to alert other travelers. LLanchester F. W. Lateral Runout Lateral runout is side to side movement. Frequently lateral will cause the wheels to slightly wobble, particularly more noticable at slower speed. However, in more extreme cases the steering wheel may tend to shake as well. Late TimingLate or retarded timing will cause the engine to under perform and lack power. Drivers often describe performance as being sluggish during acceleration. In extreme cases, a small amount of fire may be visible from the tail pipe as previously un ignited fuel vapors ignite within the exhaust. Lead Contaminated Oxygen Sensor The oxygen (O2) sensor monitors levels of oxygen present in the engine's exhaust and transmits data readings back to the onboard computer. Lead contamination occurs when a film of lead deposits coat the ceramic tip of the sensor. The thin lead coating interfers with the sensors ability to produce enough voltage output to signal the control module. Lead Contaminated Sensor Leaf Spring A long, flat steel plate attached between the vehicle frame and axle. Frequently several plates are clamped together. As the vehicle moves up and down, the leaf springs flex, cushioning the vehicle from road shock. Leaf Suspension A leaf suspension system relies on flat metal plates (leafs) that are bolted together. In the middle, a large U-bolt attaches the leaf spring to the axle. Bolts at each end of the spring attach to the vehicle's frame. During operation, the stiff metal plates of the leaf spring flex and have a dampening affect whenever the automobile goes over bumps or strikes holes. Leaking Fuel Injector The fuel injector is responsible for delivering just the right amount of fuel to the engine. Overtime fuel injectors can develop a leak. Leaking injectors allow too much fuel to be present during the combustion process. The source of a leaking fuel injector can frequently be narrowed down to about three potential things, dirty fuel injector valves, weak or broken return springs, or deteriorating seals. Leaking Head Gasket The head gasket is an aluminum seal between the cylinder head and the engine block. A "blown head gasket” means that the seal is no longer in tact. As a result, the engine suffers from a serious loss of compression and lacks power. Frequently, an inspection will show that fluid is visibly leaking around the head gasket while the engine is running. Blown head gaskets often cause a grayish-white exhaust as coolant enters the engine's cylinder and is burnt along with the air-fuel mixture Leaking Power Assist Hose Power assist hoses connect the power assist unit to the engine's intake manifold. Power boosters harness the engine's vacuum to reduce braking effort. However, over time power assist hoses can become hardened, cracked, swollen or fit loosely at the booster connection. If the vacuum hose becomes damaged or disconnected then the brake will be more difficult to depress. Leaking Tire Tires are susceptible to road damage that results in a puncture or cut, such as running over a nail orOther road debris. However, tires may also leak as the result of dirty or rusted flanges that interfere with an airtight seal forming between the tire’s bead and the wheel rim. Leaking Tire Valve The valve stem is a tapered rubber tube that houses a valve core is a threaded valve that is threaded into the stem. Periodically tire valves will become damaged and or begin to leak, in which case they must be replaced. Leaking Wheel Cylinder The wheel cylinder is responsible for activating the drum brake's shoes. If a leak develops, hydraulic circuits loose pressure and their ability to function properly. Fortunately, the brake system includes an emergency shut off valve that will cut off brake fluid to any brake line that develops a catastrohpic failure. Lean Mixture An air/fuel mixture that has a high percentage of air relative to fuel. Lenoir Etienne Lens The lens is a thick plastic or glass covering of the light assmebly. Lenses have two primary roles. Firstly, the lens is a protective covering of the light assembly and keeps out moisture, dirt and bugs. Secondly, the lens helps diffuse light produced by the bulb. Lincoln's Head Test A simple trick using a penny to check to see if your tire's are worn to the point where they need to be replaced. To check depth with a penny, slide the penny, Lincoln’s head first, into several tread grooves. If you can see the top of Lincoln’s head, the tire has less than 1/16” tread left and should be replaced immediately. Liner The innermost layer of a tire. The liner is similar to a thin rubber film or membrane and is responsible for providing a leak-proof seal along the inside of the tire. Lock-up Torque Converter Loose Alternator Belt The alternator functions like an electrical generator by converting mechanical power of the rotating crankshaft into electricity. The alternator belt connects the alternator to the crankshaft pulley, so as the engine fires and the crankshaft rotates, the alternator belt drives the alternator. The alternator provides power when the vehicle is operating and excess electricity is stored is the battery. If the alternator belt becomes loose or is damaged the alternator will loose its ability to efficiently generate power. As a result devices that require electricity can stop working and eventually the battery will go dead. Loose Alternator Connection The alternator works as a belt-driven generator, re supplying the battery with additional electricity to keep it from running down. As the engine’s crankshaft rotates, an accessory belt connected to the alternator via a pulley causes the alternator rotor to rotate and generate electricity. An electrical connection located on the back of the alternator delivers electricity to the battery. If the connection becomes loose or corroded, the battery will tend to receive less than optimal amount of electricity and will cause the battery to discharge, leading to a weak or dead battery. Loose Battery Connection When the battery connections are loose or corroded, the battery’s ability to recharge itself or power accessories becomes diminished and frequently leads to a weak or dead battery. Loose Brake Parts The brake drum consists of a brake parts can become disconnected, loose or even broken. When this occurs, parts will have a tendency to rattle, particularly when the brakes are applied. Broken hardware inside the brake drum is a real hazard that might result in the broken part wedging itself between the shoe and drum resulting in either brake drag or even a lock up. Loose Exhaust Clamp To connect portions of the exhaust, clamps are used to secure the exhaust system together. However, over time clamps can become fatigued and are subject to break or come loose. When clamps come loose they allow parts to rattle and may even Loose Heat Shield The engine’s exhaust is extremely hot as it exits the combustion chamber and as a result, great deal of heat is absorbed by the exhaust system. To protect heat sensitive components from the intense heat, shields we developed. Over the life of the car, the bolts connecting the hear shield to the bottom of the vehicle can gradually come loose, allowing the shield to vibrate against the under carriage. Loose Parking Brake Cable Tension Parking brakes rely on mechanical means to apply brakes. Using cables that run under the car, cable tension is increased by either pulling up on a hand brake or depressing a foot pedal. The Increased cable tension pulls a lever assembly inside the drum or disc brake assembly, forcing the brake linings against the rear brake drums or making brake discs unable to rotate. However, A slack cable will not provide enough tension to engage the brake's lever assembly. Loose Power Steering BeltThe power steering system relies upon hydraulic pressure to make steering easier. However, over time, the power steering belt can stretch or belt adjustments can change causing belt tension to lessen. When belt tension is relaxed, the pump has difficulty in creating enough hydraulic pressure to assist the steering. Loose Wire Your battery provides the electrical current that powers your automobile’s lights and accessories. For electrical devices to work properly the electrical circuit must be capable of being closed and electrical connections must be clean and tightly secured. However, when connections become loose or corroded, the electrical circuit becomes compromised and accessories may only work intermittently or not at all. Loose wires should be tightened or replaced. Corroded connections can usually be cleaned with a wire brush. Loss Of Power A loss of engine power causes the vehicle to accelerate slowly or can also mean that the engine is unable to achieve top speeds. The source of a sluggish engine or a loss of power can be caused by a problem in the ignition, fuel or emission control systems. Low Battery The battery produces and stores electricity. When the battery is charging, electricity flows from the alternator into the battery and is converted into chemical energy. When electricity flows out of the battery, electricity is converted from chemical back to electrical energy. When batteries loose the ability to recharge themselves, they will discharge their stored energy and become weak or even dead. Frequent causes include an alternator fault, poor electrical connections or exhausted battery chemicals. Lower Control Arm Located at the bottom of the suspension system, often near the bottom of the wheel, to provide support. Lower Radiator Hose The lower radiator hose receives coolant from the radiator and channels the coolant to the water pump. Low Fuel Pressure The fuel pressure regulator works with the fuel pump to deliver the proper amount of fuel to the fuel injector. A fuel pressure regulator operating at low pressure tends to reduce the amount of fuel available for combustion causing an overly lean mixture of air-fuel. Low Power Steering Fluid The power steering system relies upon hydraulic pressure to make steering easier. Power steering systems operate under intense pressure, around 1,000 PSI. At such high pressure, it is not uncommon for leaks to occur around fittings, at the gearbox seals, in hoses or the rack and pinion assembly. When leaks do occur, they can cause large amounts of power steering fluid to escape in a short period of time. As a result, the power steering circuit can depressurize quickly, causing steering to become more difficult. Low Power Steering Fluid Level The brake system relies on a brake fluid to pressurize the hydraulic circuit and activate the brakes. A low brake fluid level will deminish the hydraulic circuit's ability to function properly. As a result, braking tends to become less efficient. You may notice that the brake pedal has to be depressed further and harder than normal to stop and that it takes longer to stop. Brake related faults should be serviced immediately. Low Power Steering FluidIf the fluid level is low, look under the car for signs of a leak. A tell tale sign of a power steering leak is the existence of a reddish fluid under the car. Power steering systems operate under intense pressure, around 1,000 PSI. At such high pressure, it is not uncommon for leaks to occur around fittings, at the gearbox seals, in hoses or the rack and pinion assembly. When leaks do occur, they can cause large amounts of power steering fluid to escape in a short period of time. Although inconvenient, the loss of power steering in itself does not cause the vehicle to be become inoperable. Low Pressure Side So called because the refrigerant is under little pressure. AC system is divided into a high-pressure side and a low-pressure side. The low-pressure line is also known as the “suction line. ” The low-pressure line connects the evaporator outlet to the compressor inlet. Low Side So called because the refrigerant is under little pressure. AC system is divided into a high-pressure side and a low-pressure side. The low-pressure line is also known as the “suction line. ” The low-pressure line connects the evaporator outlet to the compressor inlet. Lug Nuts Screw on to the end of the lug studs and provide a way to secure the wheel to the vehicle. Lug Studs Are threaded bolts that pass through holes in the wheel. Lug nuts screw on to the end of the lug studs and provide a way to secure the wheel to the vehicle. MMachine The Rotor MacPherson Strut A suspension component that a combines a shock absorber and spring into one assembly located above the upper control arm. Maintenance-free Battery Maintenance-free batteries are sealed batteries without filler caps. Owners of a maintenance-free battery don’t need to worry about monitoring fluid levels. Because of the added convenience, maintenance-free batteries tend to be more expensive than regular batteries. Manifold Vacuum Low pressure that forms just below the throttle plates in the engine intake manifold. Malfunctioning Oxygen SensorThe oxygen (O2) sensor monitors levels of oxygen present in the engine's exhaust and transmits data readings back to the onboard computer. However, if the O2 sensor begins to fail, it will report incorrect data, which in turn causes the computer to make incorrect adjustments. Manual Transmission Manual Valve Marcus Siegfried Master Cylinder The Master Cylinder is responsible for pressurizing the brake system's hydraulic circuit. Master Cylinder Leak Master Cylinder Piston Located in the master cylinder's piston housing, the master cylinder pistons are responsible for pressurizing the brake system's hydraulic circuit. When the brake pedal is depressed, a push rod forces the primary and secondary pistons forward. When the primary piston is pushed forward, it seals off a reservoir inlet port and activates the rear brake line. This allows the rear brake line to become pressurized a split second prior to activating the front brakes. After activating the rear brakes, the primary piston comes into contact with the secondary piston and forces it forward. As the secondary piston slides forward, a second reservoir inlet port is sealed and the front brake's hydraulic circuit becomes pressurized. Master Cylinder Pistons Located in the master cylinder's piston housing, the master cylinder pistons are responsible for pressurizing the brake system's hydraulic circuit. When the brake pedal is depressed, a push rod forces the primary and secondary pistons forward. When the primary piston is pushed forward, it seals off a reservoir inlet port and activates the rear brake line. Master Cylinder Reserve Ports The master cylinder's reservoir ports provide a conduit from the reservoir to the piston housing. When the brake's hydraulic circuit is unpressurized, fluid may travel from the reservoir to the piston housing. However, during pressurization a push rod forces the master cylinder's primary and secondary pistons forward, sealing off the reservoir inlets. Sealing off the reservoir prevents brake fluid from flowing back into the reservoir during pressurization. Master Cylinder Piston Housing The master cylinder piston housing consists of a long cylindrical metal tube with two holes on top, where the brake fluid reservoir connects and brake fluid is allowed to pass from the reservoir into the piston housing. Two additional connections provide rear and front brake line hook-ups. Inside the piston housing, a series of pistons, rubber cups and a spring assembly, provide the basic components for the hydraulic pump required to pressurize and release an automobile's brake line. Maximum Pressure And Load Maximum pressure and load indicates pressure your tires can take when you are hauling a heavy load. Maybach William Mechanical Fuel Pump A type of fuel pump that is found in older vehicles that rely on carburetors. A diaphragm covering the pump opening is attached to a spring and rocker arm mechanism that functions as a pump and moves up and down. When the mechanism is in the up position, a vacuum is created inside a chamber that sucks fuel up into the pump. On the down stroke, fuel is expelled from the pump and delivered to the carburetor. Megahertz Megahertz is a measure of wave activity meaning millions of cycles per second Memory A device that is capable of storing and retrieving data. Memory is associated with the automobile's onboard computer. Merrill Marcellus “Celly” In 1945, Marcellus “Celly” Merrill devised the first electronic dynamic wheel-balancing system. Merrill’s invention was unique because it did not require the wheel to be removed Michelin Michelin Andre At the age of 33, Andre Michelin abandoned a promising career as a Parisian engineer and take over his grandfathers failing business. Andre along with his younger brother Edouard, transformed the their faltering company into one of the largest tire companies in the world. Andre's penchant for clever marketing campaigns included entering early automobile race, race sponsorship and the launching of one of the auto industries most recognizable mascots, "the Michelin Man." Michelin Edouard Edouard, a promising painter, eventually acquiesced to his older brother’s pleas and joined the faltering company his brother had inherited from their deceased grandfather. Edouard was promptly named the company’s managing director. Under Edouard's leadership, Michelin patented a number of industry leading products and pioneered the market for steel belted radial tires. Michelin Man In 1898 Michelin introduced what remains one of the most recognized automotive mascots in history, "Bibendum." But today, the round character is best known as the Michelin Man. Micro-processor Midgley Thomas Misadjusted Choke Chokes are found in vehicles with carburetors and are designed to restrict the amount of air that is mixed with fuel. Over time the spring can become weak or inoperable or gummy deposits can impede the normal movement of the choke. If the choke sticks closed, then an overly rich mixture of fuel is burned in the combustion chamber. The engine will run rough and lack power and may have a tendency to stall when the engine is hot. Misadjusted Master Cylinder Push Rod The brake pedal is connected to the master cylinder’s piston assembly via a pushrod. When the pedal is depressed, the pushrod forces the pistons forward, causing the brake fluid to pressurize the hydraulic circuit and activating the brakes. If the pushrod has been replaced, it may be too short, causing excessive pedal travel before the brakes are engaged. Or, if the replacement rod is too long, the brakes might have a tendency to be partially engaged and drag. Misfire A misfire occurs when one or more of the cylinders fails to fire. Or in other words, the air/fuel mixture did not combust. Misfires can occur at idle, acceleration or even while driving at highway speeds. Missing Anti-Rattle Clip Anti-rattle clips are designed to keep the pads firmly in place reduce the amount of movement that might other wise occur. However, if the anti-rattle clips are damaged or fall off, or the brake pad spring goes missing, the pads will have a tendency to squeak when they are applied Missing Exhaust Clamp Mixing Tires Mounting tires of different sizes or constructions to a vehicle. Mixing should generally be avoided. Modulator Module A specific type of computer that monitors and manages a vehicle system, such as the ignition or fuel delivery systems. Mounting Tires The act of fitting tires to wheel rims Muffler The muffler 'muffles' exhaust noise by reducing its pressure. Gas rushes through zigzagging or perforated chambers and is converted to heat before release into the atmosphere. Multiport Injection A fuel delivery system in which each cylinder has a fuel injector that sprays a precise mixture of air/fuel. Unlike throttle body fuel injectors, multi port injectors spray fuel directly into each cylinder¡¦s intake port toward each intake valve. Multi port injectors do a better job controlling the air/fuel mixture. N1983 NHTSA Report Needle Negative Camber If you are looking at your tires from the front of the car, camber is the degree of their inward or outward tilt. Negative camber means the top of the tire leans in. Negative Caster If you draw a line through the ball joint and the center of the wheel, caster angle corresponds to the angle of that line. Negative caster (rearward tilt of the line if viewed from the side) can make a car unstable. Neutral A condition when the engine is disconnectd from the drive transmission. Noise Cancellation Holes located in accustic pipes allow sound waves to exit in a variety of directions, causing the pressure waves to collide in to one another and help cancel each other out. Non Independent Suspension In a non-independent suspension, the left and right wheels are interlinked, so that going over bumps or hitting pot holes with one wheel can affect the wheel on the opposite side, which can make for a bumpy ride. OOBD II O2 Sensor An integral part of the onboard computer system, oxygen (O2) sensors monitor levels of oxygen in the engine exhaust transmit data readings back to the onboard computer. The computer adjusts the air/fuel ratio for optimal performance. O2 Sensor Fault Oxygen sensors have a normal lifespan or around 50,000 miles and over time contaminants such as excess carbon or leaded fuel can coat the sensor and cause a false oxygen reading. Once contaminated with a coating of carbon or other substances, the oxygen sensor tends to send incorrect data to the control module. As a result, the engine control module will tend to make improper adjustments that adversely affect engine performance and fuel efficiency. In addition, auto emissions may become excessive. Octane Rating A fuel delivery system in which each cylinder has a fuel injector that sprays a precise mixture of air/fuel. Unlike throttle body fuel injectors, multi port injectors spray fuel directly into each cylinder¡¦s intake port toward each intake valve. Multi port injectors do a better job controlling the air/fuel mixture. Odometer A device that measures how many miles a vehicle travels. Ohm The relationship between voltage (V), electric current (I) and resistance (R), named for German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854), commonly expressed as the formula: V/I = R. Ohm George Simon Oil Contaminated Sensor Oil Contaminated Oxygen Sensor Oil contamination occurs when oil is burned in the cylinder and the oil laced exhaust creates a residue on the oxygen sensor. The burnt oil coating interferes with the sensor’s ability to get an accurate read of the amount of oxygen present in the exhaust. As a result, the on-board computer is unable to adjust the air/fuel ratio to the appropriate levels and engine performance and fuel economy suffer. Typical causes include worn piston rings or worn valve seals. Oil Dip Stick Located on the top or side of the engine, the oil dip stick is a measuring device used to indicate the amount of oil present in the oil pan. Oil Filler Cap The oil filler cap is a screw on cap located under the hood that provides easy access to the lubrication system. In addition, the oil cap provides a protective barrier that keeps contaminants from entering to the lubrication system. Oil Filter The oil filter removes contaminents from engine oil. Oil Fouled Spark Plug Oil is leaking into the cylinder where it is being burned durring the combustion process. Likely causes include a worn valve guide, worn valve guide seals or a worn piston ring. Oil Level Sensor The oil level sensor monitors the amount of engine oil present in the oil pan. If the oil level falls below a predetermined level, the sensor will send an electrical impulse to a computer module. The computer will then alert the driver by illuminating a "low engine oil" warning light on the dash. Oil Pan Oil Pressure Sensor Measures the pressure that engine oil flows. Oil Pump Onboard Computer "On-board computer" is a frequently heard generic term for an automobile's computer system. A computer is any electronic circuit that can receive signals (inputs) or modify a signal and find outputs. Finding outputs is just another way of processing information or signals.. " Module ” is often a more specific way of talking about a particular system. On-board Diagnostics The term "on-board diagnostics" refers to the ability of the automobile's computer and sensory systems to constantly monitor and manage the various automobile systems and indicate the cause of a problem when it occurs. One-Way Clutch On-The–Fly On-the-fly is a term that means something happens automatically or occurs without stopping. While driving, your automombile's computer system constantly makes on-the-fly adjustments to optimize performance. Open Circuit A break in an electrical circuit that prevents the flow of electricity. An open circuit can occur either by accident or design. Loose wires or a blown fuse are common sources of open circuit faults. Orifice Tube The small hole (orifice) limits the flow rate of the refrigerant. It acts like a restrictor, regulating the flow of liquid refrigerant going to the bottom of the evaporator, where the liquid refrigerant cools down and returns to its vapor state. Otto Nicolaus Outer Race Part of the wheel bearing assembly, the outer race is a sturdy metal band that surrounds the other parts of the assembly. The outer race is pressed into the hub. Output Shaft Overflow Hose The overflow hose is a long piece of tubing that connects the radiator to the Overflow tank. As coolant absorbs heat it will expand, forcing excess coolant out of the radiator where it is collected inside the overflow tank. As the engine cools, coolant is drawn back into the radiator Overflow Tank The overflow tank is plastic container that is connected to the radiator via the overflow hose. As coolant absorbs heat it will expand, forcing excess coolant out of the radiator where it is collected inside the overflow tank. As the engine cools, coolant is drawn back into the radiator. Over Heating Brakes Over Inflated Tire Excessive wear along the tread’s center indicates that the tire has been chronically over inflated. When there’s too much air inside the tire, internal pressure will cause the body of the tire to slightly bow outward. This bowing motion pushes the center of the tread against the road and lifts the rest of the tread off the road. As a result, the center wears prematurely Oversteer A condition that occurs in cornering when the rear of a vehicle tends to skid before the front. Oxides Of Nitrogen Exhaust flows through the exhaust system, and eventually entering the catalytic converter. A chemical reaction occurs inside the catalytic converter that causes it to operate like a mini furnace, burning excess fuel particles before being emitted into the atmosphere. Catalytic converters are designed to burn around 2500 degrees Fahrenheit. If temperatures increase above that amount, oxygen and nitrogen can combine into oxides of nitrogen, a major contributor to smog. Oxygen Sensor An integral part of the onboard computer system, oxygen (O2) sensors monitor levels of oxygen in the engine exhaust. Sensors transmit data readings back to the onboard computer. The computer adjusts the air/fuel ratio based on O2 sensor readings for optimal performance. Oxygen Sensor Fault The O2 sensor measures the amount of oxygen present in the engine’s exhaust as a way to monitor combustion efficiency. Based on the exhaust’s oxygen reading, the amount of fuel sprayed into the engine can be adjusted. Over time contaminants may coat the sensor and cause a false oxygen reading. Once contaminated with a coating of carbon or other substances, the oxygen sensor tends to the control module. As a result, the amount of fuel metered to the engine may be incorrect Ozone The ozone layer lies approximately 15-40 kilometers (10-25 miles) above the Earth's surface, in the stratosphere. PPCV Valve The Positive Crankcase Ventilation valve controls the release of gas into the intake manifold, which can also prevent an explosion in the crankcase if the car backfires. Parallelogram Steering Parallelogram steering is a type of steering system that utilizes a series of connecting links to transfer the rotation of the steering wheel to left and right lateral movements of the front wheel Park A gear only found in vehicles with automatic transmissions. The park locks the transmission in place and prevents an automobile from moving. Parking Brake A cable-driven brake attached to the rear wheels. Also called the emergency brake. The parking brake is engaged by either pulling up on a hand brake or depressing a foot pedal. Movement of brake lever increases brake cable pressure and engages the brakes. A ratcheting device holds cable tension in place. A release lever disengages the brake lever. Parking Brake Adjuster The parking brake adjuster is used to adjust cable tension to both the left and right parking brake cables. Depending on the adjuster design, the adjuster can normally just be rotated to tighten or loosen cable tension. By rotating the adjuster clockwise, cable tension is increased. To loosen cable tension the adjuster is turned counter-clockwise. Parking Brake Equalizer The parking brake equalizer allows both rear brakes to be mechanincally engaged at the same time. The adjuster looks like a flat piece of metal and acts like a junction between the main cable and the left and right brake cables. Parking Brake Main Cable The main parking brake cable is a steel cable that runs along the underside of the vehicle. The cable connects the hand or foot brake to the rear brakes and provides a mechanical way to engage and disengage both brakes. Parking Brake That Does Not Release The parking brake relies upon a release lever to disengage the emergency brake. However, if the release lever fails to disengage, the parking brake will remain engaged. Improperly adjusted brake cable tension may be another potential cause of a parking brake refusing to disengage. Parking Foot Brake Parking Pawl The parking pawl is a safety feature found on automatic transmissions. It functions as a latch, locking the transmission's output shaft so an automobile doesn't roll when the gear selector is put in park. Particulates As the name implies, particulates are simply the by-product of the combustion process and consist of small solid particles that get blown out the exhaust. Passive Sensor Passive Sensors provide important data to the computer but don’t generate their own voltage. Pilot Bearing Pilot Bore Is a large hole located in the center of the wheel that allows the wheel to seat on the spindle. Lug studs and nuts secure the wheel in place. Ping A metalic rattling sound produced by the engine during accleration. Engine ping is a sign that the air/fuel mixture is combusting at the wrong time. Pining is ususally caused by incorrect ignition timing or a low grade of gasoline. PinionSmall gear on the shaft of the starter that engages to turn the engine when starting the car. Pinion Gear Pinion gears are smaller gears that have the ability to power or drive other parts. Sometimes pinion gears drive larger gears, as in the case of the electric starter motor. Or in the case of rack and pinion steering, a pinion gear meshes with the steering rack. As the pinion gear rotates over the rack, it translates the circular motion of the steering wheel to the lateral motion of the rack. Pirelli The company was formed in 1872 by Giovanni Battista Pirelli "for the manufacture and sale of elastic rubber". Pirelli Giovanni Battista One of the initial founders of the modern tire industry. Founded in 1872 Giovanni Battista Pirelli launched G.B.Pirelli & C. partnership "for the manufacture and sale of elastic rubber". Piston The piston is located inside the engine's cylinder and is connected to the crankshaft by the connecting rod. During the combustion process, expanding gases press down on the piston head with great force. As the piston shoots down the cylinder, the connecting rod causes the crankshaft to rotate. In this way, the crankshaft is able to translate the up and down movement of the piston into circular motion. Piston Down Stroke Piston Head Piston Ring An open-ended ring that fits into a groove located on the piston. Its primary job is to form a seal between the moving piston and the cylinder wall. Piston RingAn open-ended ring that fits into a groove located on the piston. Its primary job is to form a seal between the moving piston and the cylinder wall. Pistons And Servos Pitman ArmTransmits force from the steering gear to the steering linkage. Unlike the idler arm, the pitman arm is the part of the steering linkage that rotates freely without support from the car's frame. Planet Carrier Planetary Gearset Found in automatic transmissions, planetary gear sets allow any one of the gears to rotate or be held stationary to produce various gear combinations, or gear ratios Planetary Overdrive Planetary Reduction Plies Plies are basically sheets of rubber with strong fiber cables called cords bonded to the rubber for strength and durability. Within each sheet, cords are arranged side by side so that they all run in the same direction. Plugged Heater Core The interior heating system relies on hot coolant to circulate through tubes located in the heater core. However, as coolant circulates through the engine and other parts of the cooling system, it can pick up sludge or other particles thatcan restrict the flow of coolant through the tubes. Because less coolant is flowingthrough the heater core, you may notice that the heater does not get as hot as itused to and it may take longer for the interior to warm. Plus Sized Tire Using a larger rim diameter and smaller profile tire on passenger cars. Some drivers prefer the plus-sized look for aesthetics or for improved cornering and handling. P-Metric Scale A uniform scale used to determine tire size. The reading includes tire use, width, ratio, type and wheel diameter. Points Poor Bulb Ground Light bulbs receive an electrical current from the battery. As the current flows into the bulb filaments they begin to glow. As current flows to the bulb, it must make a return trip to the battery. The path it takes to return to the battery in a direct current circuit is called the ground. Rust, paint or dirt can interfere with the ground circuit, causing bulbs to light dimly or not at all. Positive Camber Positive camber is a wheel aligment in which the top of the tires are slightly tilted outward. Positive Caster If you draw a line through the ball joint and the center of the wheel, caster angle corresponds to the angle of that line. Positive caster (forward tilt of the line if viewed from the side) provides stability. Positive Crankcase Ventilation During the combustion process, a small amount of combusted fuel to slip by the piston rings and enter the crankcase. If left alone, the build up of gases in the crankcase could damage the engine. The PCV system both relieves crankcase gases and reduces emissions by simply recycling the fumes. Power BoosterA device near the master cylinder that uses vacuum force from the engine to make braking easier. Power Door Lock Power Steering Uses the power from your engine to pressurize fluid, making steering easier Power Steering BeltThe power steering belt connects the power steering pump to the engine's crankshaft. Power Steering Belt The power steering belt connects the power steering pump to the engine's crankshaft. The crankshaft powers the power steering pump via the power steering belt and pulleys. As the crankshaft rotates it causes the belt and pulley to turn as well as the pump shaft. Hydraulic pressure is created inside the power steering pump as the shaft rotates As a result, the power steering pump is able to create Power Steering Control Valve Power Steering Fluid Power steering fluid is a clear liquid that is pressurized in the power steering pump and helps reduce the amount of effort needed to steer the vehicle Power Steering HosesPower steering hoses work in conjuncion with metal lines to connect the power steering's hydraulic circuit to the pump, reservoir and power steering gearbox Power Steering Pressure Relief Valvepressure relief valve to control the maximum amount of hydraulic pressure buildup. In short, it prevents damage to the power steering system by limiting the amount of internal pressure. If hydraulic pressure reaches the maximum allowable pressure, the pressure relief valve opens and power steering fluid pressure is reduced Power Steering Pump The crankshaft powers the power steering pump via the power steering belt and pulleys. As the crankshaft rotates it causes the belt and pulley to turn as well as the pump shaft. Hydraulic pressure is created inside the power steering pump as the shaft rotates. As a result, the power steering pump is able to create hydraulic pressure, which is used to reduce steering effort. Power Steering Reservoir The power steering reservoir holds a reserve supply of power steering fluid. Reservoir designs vary. Some reservoirs are integrated into the pump itself, other power steering systems rely on an external container. Power Train An automobile's components that deliver power from the engine to the drive wheels. In broad terms, the power train includes the engine, transmission and differential. Power Window Pre ignition Preignition can be an extremely harmful condition that occurs when the air/fuel mixture ignites spontaneously (before the spark plug fires) Pre-ignition Damage Pressure Differential Switch Pressure Plate Pressure Regulator The pressure regulator regulates oil pressure by setting a maximum amount of pressure that the oil pump can generate. The regulator is a spring loaded valve that protect the system from damage resulting from excessive hydraulic by relieving excess oil pressure. Premature Ignition Primary Winding Thick wire on the coil that receives electricity from the alternator, runs at a low DC voltage (about 12 volts). Pulse Purgeline The Purge Line connects the Charcoal Canister To The Intake Manifold Push Rod The push rod connects the brake pedal to the master cylinder. When you step on the brake pedal, the push rod slides forward and comes into contact with the first of two pistons housed in the master cylinder. As each piston slides forward they seal off the reservoir intake ports and begin to pressurize the system. Q RR-12 R-12 was first offered as a commercial refrigerant in 1931 and was adopted for use in American manufactured autos in the 1940s R-22 Developed as a more enviromentally friendly refrigerant than R-12, R-22 has been the refrigerant of choice since the late 1980s. R-134a Shorthand for the chemical called tetrafluoroethane, also known as “SUVA.” R-134a is a manmade refrigerant that was developed to replace less environmentally friendly refrigerants, such as R-12. In use since the mid 1990s, R-134a contains no chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or greenhouse gases. Nor is it flammable or toxic. Other alternatives such as R-22 and others are emerging that are thought to be increasingly environmentally friendly Rack A flat metal bar that moves the tie rod back and forth. Rack And Pinion Steering A steering setup used in most cars because of its simple, compact design Radial Runout Radial Tire Radiator The radiator is part of the cooling system and is mounted in the front of the engine compartment. Its primary job is to provide a large surface area from which heat can evaporate. Its surface area further enhanced with the attachment of thin metal fins. Coolant heated by the engine's combustion process enters the radiator and is cooled by the wind and exist the bottom of the radiator to be re-circulated through the engine. Radiator Fan Fuse The radiator is part of the cooling system and is mounted in the front of the engine compartment. Its primary job is to provide a large surface area from which heat can evaporate. Its surface area further enhanced with the attachment of thin metal fins. Coolant heated by the engine's combustion process enters the radiator and is cooled by the wind and exist the bottom of the radiator to be re-circulated through the engine. Radiator Fan Motor The radiator fan blows over the radiator to help dissipate heat and help keep the engine from over heating. Electric fans rely on a fan motor to provide power and circulate the fan blades. Electric fans come on intermittently and generally only at slower speeds or when the vehicle is stopped. Otherwise the wind blowing over the radiator is sufficient. Radiator Hose Connects the radiator to the rest of the cooling system. Made of heat tolerant rubber, the hose is connected with a hose clamp. Radiator Hose Clamp Radiator Leak The radiator is also subject to leaks forming. Portions of the radiator are comprised of a durable plastic. However, cracks, holes and brakes often occur. Service providers to radiator specialists often outsource radiator repairs. Depending on the nature of the leak, radiators can be repaired and reinstalled. Radiator Pressure Cap Located on the top surface of the radiator, the cap increases Internal radiator pressure which raises the boiling point and allows the vehicle to operate longer and at higher temperatures. However in the case of overheating, a spring-loaded valve in the cap is pre-set to open once the radiator’s internal pressure reaches release pressure and avoid damaging the cooling system or engine. Radiator Pressure Hose Radiator Repair Radio Frequency Radio frequency is a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum from above audio frequencies to beneath infrared and characterized by the use of antennas. A collection of frequencies are known as a band Rear Axle Rear Defroster Rear Wheel Drive Recovery Tank The recovery tank is plastic container that is connected to the radiator via the recovery tube. As coolant absorbs heat it will expand, forcing excess coolant out of the radiator where it is collected inside the recovery tank. As the engine cools, coolant is drawn back into the radiator. Recovery Tube The recovery tube is along piece of tubing that connects the radiator to the recovery tank. As coolant absorbs heat it will expand, forcing excess coolant out of the radiator where it is collected inside the recovery tank. As the engine cools, coolant is drawn back into the radiator. Receiver Dryer The job of the receiver-dryer is to separate the vapor from the liquid. The dryer uses a bag of dessicant to remove moisture and acid from the refrigerant that could cause corrosion. The unit also is responsible for storing excess refrigerant and filtering debris and other contaminants Reduction Catalyst Reflector Basically, the reflector is just a highly reflective metal box that surrounds a light bulb and is open on one end. As part of the light assembly, the reflector helps increase the amount of effective lighting produced by a light bulb by reflecting and directing light forward. Refrigeration The removal of heat by mechanical means. Refrigeration Cycle The refrigeration cycle consists of a completed circuit of refrigerant from a vapor to a liquid and back to a vapor state. During the process, refrigerant absorbs heat from air circulating in the passenger compartment and changes to a liquid before circulating to the condenser where it is released Refrigerants Refrigerants are used to absorb, carry and dispose of the passenger compartment’s heat. As a chemical compound, refrigerants have a number of unique qualities that make them ideal for cooling your car’s interior on a hot day. As a category, refrigerants are liquids with very low boiling points. The refrigerant used in automotive cooling systems boils at minus 22 degrees Fahrenheit. Refrigerants also have the ability to change rapidly from a liquid to a vapor and back again as the temperatures they are subjected to changes by just a few degrees. The two primary refrigerants are R-12 and R-134a, but due to environmental concerns about CFCs, R-12 is no longer manufactured and is gradually being phased out. RelayAn electronically actuated electrical switch. Relays act like an on/off switch. When an electrical current is applied, it causes some sort of action, when the current is switched off, the action stops. In this way, relays can cause mechanical force to be applied by open and closing electrical currents and make servo motors run, such as the fuel pump or control the action of a fuel injector. Relay An electronically actuated electrical switch. An electrical circuit can cause mechanical action by applying and removing electrical current to special devices called actuators. A relay is a type of actuator that uses an electromagnet to make or break the flow of electricity through a circuit. By managing the flow of electrical current, relays can control other devices. Relays are used when the computer needs to control a device and using an electrical current is the most efficient means. Relay Rod Also known as the center link, the relay rod is part of the steering linkage that consists of a combination of rods, ball sockets, and the control and pitman arms that connect the steering gear box to the steering knuckles. Relay Switch An electronically actuated electrical switch. Relays act like an on/off switch. When an electrical current is applied, it causes some sort of action, when the current is switched off, the action stops. Release Bearing Release Shaft Release Spring Reservoir Any container that holds fluid. Common examples, brake fluid reservoir, windshield washer fluid reservoir or the power steering reservoir Resonator The resonator acts like a small, straight-through muffler, located near the rear of the automobile, between the muffler and tail pipe. It is designed to quiet noisy exhaust that made it through the muffler. Retarded Ignition Igniton timing is the co-ordination of when the plug's spark, the delivery of air and fuel into the combustion chamber and the location of the piston when ignition occurs. Retarded or late ignition timing will cause the engine to under perform and lack power. Drivers often describe performance as being sluggish during acceleration. Retro-Fit Replace an older part or system that is usually assembled by the manufacturer with a newer one. To retrofit an air conditioning system, usually means to replace the older R-12 refrigerant systems manufactured before 1994 with newer environmentally friendly systems that rely on R-134a or other types of refrigerant. Return Springs Revving The Engine Increasing the engine's RPM without allowing power to be be transfered to the wheels. Reverse Clutch Reverse Idler Gear Revolutions Per Mile The number of revolutions made by a tire traveling one mile Rheostat Switch A rheostat is an vaiable lighting switch used for adjusting the brightness of the dash board's instrumentation panel. Rheostat switches are also found in many modern homes. Rich Fuel Mixture An air/fuel mixture that has a relatively high percentage of fuel relative to air. Your engine burns a mixture of air and fuel, but it doesn't require the same mixture (air/fuel ratio) all of the time. When you start your engine first thing in the morning, your engine needs a relatively high percentage of fuel relative to air (rich fuel mixture) to get the engine running quickly and for it to heat up. Ridding The Clutch Resting a foot on the clutch pedal while driving. Ridding the clutch causes premature wear on the clutch plate and throwout bearing. Rim The portion of a wheel incorporating the well, seats, and flange onto which a tire is mounted. Rim Diameter The 'length' measurement of the rim, measured from bead seat to beat seat Rim Width The 'width' measurement of the rim, measured from bead seat to beat seat. Ring Gear Road Damage Tire damage that occurs through driving. Impact damage occurs when drivers strike potholes or road debris. Common types of damage include tears, punctures, and cuts Roadside Assistance Road side assistance includes everything from the traditional American Automobile Association (AAA) and basic wrecker service to Onstar and other services that have harnessed new technologies to deliver modern services. Rocker Arm Rocker arms are used in engines with overhead cams. They are operated by pushrods and open and close the valves. Rollover A condition that occurs during hard cornering when a tire sidewall rubs the road surface Rotor Rotary Fuel Pumps The majority of today's electric fuel pumps are rotary models. As the name suggests, they use a spinning motion to produce fuel line pressure and move fuel through the line. Imagine your washing machine on spin cycle and you get an idea how centrifugal force can be effectively used to push fluid through a line. All rotary pumps are powered by a small small dc motor. The improved design means that rotary pumps are able to deliver almost instantaneous fuel pressure and deliver a smoother flow rate than traditional mechanical fuel pumps. Rotary Pumps Rotational Sensor Rotational sensors rely on an electrical current, magnets and small sensors to determine how fast the wheels are spining and their direction. Magnets spin on a shaft and pass underneath speed and directional sensors. The small sensors only detect how fast the magnets are spinning and their direction. The sensory data is sent to a special computer to interpret the constant steam of information. Rotor A metal disc connected to the wheel in a disc brake assembly.The brake rotor provides a braking surface upon which the pads can press against, create friction and stop the automobile Rough Running Rough running is a term used to describe an engine that is vibrating on its mounts. You may also notice that all of the cylinders are not firing properly and you may hear a popping sound from the tailpipe. Runout The measure of the out of roundness of the tire causing a vibration which cannot be balanced. Rusted Muffler The exhaust system will generally rust from the inside out. Within the muffler, the baffles, which are designed to help reduce exhaust noise, are often the first component to rust out. As they deteriorate, rust residue is blown through the tail pipe. Consequently, the first indication of a rusting exhaust system is a change in the sound quality of their exhaust system. Rusting Exhaust System The exhaust system is charged with expelling waste by products of the engine’s combustion process. The exhaust system is susceptible to corrosion, which leads to rust holes, rusted seams, and frequently leads to exhaust system replacements and repairs. The exhaust system will generally rust from the inside out. SSafety Ridges Normally, the tire's lip (bead) is seated between the wheel flange and safety ridge. Safety ridges are slight bumps located along the inside portion of the wheel that help keep the tire in place (seated) in the advent of a flat tire or blowout Satellite Radio A satellite-based radio broadcast that rely on signals from 22,000 miles above the earth's surface. As a result, you're never out of range. Moreover, satellite radio technology delivers crystal clear reception. Scalloped Tires Scalloped tires tend to have a very uneven wear pattern that may have a shallow bowl-like appearance. Othertimes, the tire might look like parts of it have been shaved off. The appearance of uneven tread wear with bald spots, scallops or cups frequently indicates that either the wheels are severely out of balance or there is a problem with the suspension or ball joints. Scan Tool An electronic device used to access and interpret diagnostic automotive codes and sensor readings. Most scan tools are relatively small and a designed to be handheld. Scored Brake Rotor Screamer A soft piece of metal attached to the brake shoe that rubs against the rotor when the shoe wears down. Also known as a wear indicator. Sealed Beam Headlight Sealed-beam headlights have the bulb, lens and reflector contained in a vacuum sealed glass housing. Sealed Beam Headlight Bulb Secondary Winding Thin wire on the coil that sends electricity to the distributor. It runs at very high DC voltage upwards of 20,000 volts. Seiberling Frank Semiconductor Rectifier Part of the voltage regulator that converts AC current from alternator to DC current. Sensor Sensors monitor a condition and report to a computer. Reporting consists of translating the condition into an electric signal that the computer can interpret. SensorsSensors monitor a condition and report to a computer. Reporting consists of translating the condition into an electric signal that the computer can interpret. Sensors can be placed just about anywhere and come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Serpentine Belt A type of rubber belt that harnesses the power of the engine to power accessories devices. Many new vehicles now use a single serpentine belt because it reduces the need for the smaller, V-belts that are more traditional. The single belt design reduces the need to maintain proper tension on multiple belts. Instead, a spring-activated tension assembly makes sure that proper belt tension is maintained at all times. While serpentine belts frequently, last longer and require less maintenance, when they do break, a number of your vehicle accessories will likely become inoperable. This may include your alternator, radiator fan and other accessory devices. Servo A servo is a small dc motor used to operate moving parts. Servo Piston Shift Fork Shifting Gears Shift Linkage Consisting of a series of rods and cables that connect the gear shift lever to the transmission. Shift Rod Shift Solenoid A computer controlled device that regulates the shift firmness of the transmission. Shift Timing Shock AbsorbersShocks help level out the bouncing action springs produce when your wheel hits a bump or pothole. Shock Absorber A sealed component filled with fluid or air to absorb road shock. Shocks A sealed component filled with fluid or air to absorb road shock. Short Circuit A short circuit occurs when the integrity of the electrical circuit is degraded and the circuit finds another ground. Shoulder The edge of a tire's tread where it joins the sidewall. Shroud A device usually made of plastic or metal that is designed to protect hot or moving parts from incidental contact. The radiator shroud protects the radiator fan from accidental contact. Sidewall The thinner rubber side of the tire. In addition, tire information is located on the sidewall. Silicone Contaminated Sensor The oxygen (O2) sensor monitors levels of oxygen present in the engine's exhaust and transmits data readings back to the onboard computer. Silicone contamination occurs when too much silicone sealer was used during an engine rebuild. The excess sealer is burned and the silicone residue coats the oxygen sensor. Slave Cylinder Slide Electrode. Slipped Cam Shaft Belt The timing belt or chain is responsible for powering the camshaft, which opens and closes the valves. Valves are critical for sealing the cylinder for compression to occur as well as opening access so air and fuel can enter and exhaust exit. If the timing is off just a few degrees engine performance and fuel economy will likely suffer greatly. Slipped Cam Shaft Timing Belt Smog 1945 Los Angeles County residents began to notice a perpetual fog that seemed envelop the city. The smokey-fog was referred to by the city's pollution haze as "smog," (combination of smoke and fog) Snow Tire Snow tires are low speed-rated tires formulated to stay pliable in cold temperatures and grip snowy surfaces. Snow tires have excellent traction but have trouble cornering and stopping quickly. Solenoid A solenoid is a spring loaded valve controlled by an electrical current. Spark Spark Knock Also called pining, spark knock is a metalic rattling sound produced by the engine during accleration. Engine ping is ususally caused by incorrect ignition timing or a low grade of gasoline. Spark Plug The spark plug generates a spark which lights the air/fuel mixture in the combustion chamber Spark Plug Boot The spark plug boot is located at the distal end of the spark plug wire (ignition cable) and fits snuggly over the spark plug end. The boot insulates the ingnition cable and spark plug connection, as well as protects the connection from dirt and water. Spark Plug Gap A precise distance between the spark plug's center and slide electrodes. Maintaining the recommended gap is important to for maintaining engine performance. Spark Plug Firing Order Spark plug firing order refers to the sequence in which all of the plugs receive electrical pulses. Spark Plug Gap The spark gap is the distance between the center and side electrode. Spark Plug Insulator Spark Plug Wire Carries current from the distributor cap to the spark plugs. Speaker Speedometer An instrument that displays how fast a vehicle is traveling in either miles per hour (MPH) or Kilometers per hour (KPH). Speed Rating The speed rating is the maximum speed that a tire can carry a vehicle's load. The most common speed ratings: S: for cars speed rated up to 112 mph T: for car speed rated up to 118 mph U: for cars speed rated up to 124 mph H: for cars speed rated up to 130 mph Z: for car speed rated 149 mph and over: Speed Sensor Spider Gear Spindle Extending from the steering knuckle, the spindle is a horizontal steel bar that the hub rotates around. SpringsCompresses and expands to absorb motion from the wheels when they are running on uneven ground. Depending on the needs of the vehicle, different models use coil springs, leaf springs, air springs or torsion bars to absorb motion. Spongy Brake The brake system relies on a hydraulic circuit to activate the brakes. Because fluids do not compress, brake fluid provides a good medium. However, if a leak develops, or the brakes have been recently serviced, air can enter the brake line. Because air can be compressed, Even a small amount of air in the brake line can cause the brake pedal to feel soft or spongy and reduce stopping efficiency Spongy Brake Pedal The brake system relies on a hydraulic circuit to activate the brakes. Because air can be compressed, Even a small amount of air in the brake line can cause the brake pedal to feel soft or spongy and reduce stopping efficiency Squeaking BrakesNot all brake noises are bad. In fact, new brake pads will frequently make a high pitched squeak. As the pads are being broken-in, dust can accumulate between the pad and rotor surface and cause temporary squaking. But if you're automobile has had the same pads for a while, it may be time to change them. When disc brake pads wear down, a small piece of soft metal attached to the brake backing plate, called a wear tab, wear indicator or wear sensor will come into contact with the spinning rotor. The rubbing of the wear tab against the rotor causes a high- pitched scrapping sound that lets the driver know its time to have the brakes serviced. Stabilizer Arm Links the left and right suspension components to keep the car level while cornering. It is also called the sway bar. Stabilizer Belts Stalling Basically, your engine is running and then it starts sputtering and feels like it is going to die or it may in fact just stops working. There are a number of potential causes of a stalling engine. Normally the souce can be traced back to either a fuel or an ignition system fault. Starter Spins when you turn the key, turning the crankshaft to start the engine. Static Imbalance Static imbalance is caused by the wheels weight being distributed unevenly around the axle or spindle. While driving at high speeds, static imbalance has a tendency to cause the wheel to hop up and down. Stator Steel Belt Steering System The steering system provides a means of controling the direction an automobile travels. Today most vehicles are equipped with rack and pinion steering. Power steering has also become standard on most modern autos. Stereo Stereo Sound Steering Arm Provide support to the steering linkage as it moves back and forth. Idler arms pivot around a support that is attached to the car's frame, eliminating any erratic movement produced when the wheels encounter bumps. Steering ArmsProvide support to the steering linkage as it moves back and forth. Idler arms pivot around a support that is attached to the car's frame, eliminating any erratic movement produced when the wheels encounter bumps. Transmits force from the steering gear to the steering linkage. Unlike the idler arm, the pitman arm is the part of the steering linkage that rotates freely without support from the car's frame. Steering Box Sometimes known as the gear housing, the steering gearbox is responsible for translating the turning motion of the steering wheel and shaft into left and right motion. Steering Gear Assembly The steering gear assembly is in charge of translating the turning motion of the steering wheel into left or right driving motion. Most recently manufactured vehicles rely on a rack and pinion system, but both parallelogram or worm gear designs. Steering Gear BoxHouses the steering gear. It allows pressurized fluid to flow around and turn the gear. The gearbox is also called the gear housing. Steering Column A long, stationary cylinder that houses part of the sheering shaft. Steering Knuckle Extending from the steering knuckle, the spindle is a horizontal steel bar that the hub rotates around. Steering Linkage When ever you turn the steering wheel, that wheel's circular motion must be translated into lateral movement to cause the wheels to turn to the left or right. To accomplish this, the steering system is made of several connecting parts, such as arms, rods, and ball sockets that are collectively are known as the steering linkage. Steering Lock An anti-theft device located on the steering column. The steering lock prevents the rotation of the steering wheel without the ignition key Steering Shaft A cylindrical shaft that transfers motion from the steering wheel to the steering gear. Steering WheelThe steering wheel is connected to the end of the steering shaft. When drivers rotate the steering wheel the rotation of the wheel is translated in the steering gear assembly into left and right driving motion. Steering Wheel Pull Sticking Caliper Piston Stillman George Along with Alexander Brown, patented the first inflatable "pneumatic" automobile tire in 1892. Although other inventors built inflatable automobile tires, they had not yet applied for a patent. Stroke The distance a piston travels from the very top of the cylinder to the very bottom. StrutsCombine the shock and spring into one compact design. They are also called McPherson struts. Stuck Thermostat The thermostat is a heat sensitive sensor that resides in the cooling system near the upper radiator hose. The thermostat functions as the heat manager in vehicles. Over time, the thermostat can become worn and less responsive to the heat management needs of the vehicle and may become stuck. If stuck in the closed position, the thermostat will fail to trigger the valve to open and allow coolant to circulate to the radiator for cooling. As a result, the coolant temperature rises to the boiling point and causes the engine to quickly overheat Sub-Cooling Removing heat from refrigerant after condensation Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric acid is part of a battery's electrolyte solution and is critical to making the battery work. The ideal combination of water and acid is 65 percent water and 35 percent sulfuric acid. The acid and water based solution interacts with the battery plates to causes an electro-chemical reaction needed to produce electricity. Sun Gear Super Charger Suspension The suspension system provides downward pressure on the wheels for optimal vehicle handling as well as increase comfort by reducing the affects of bumps and vibration. Sir Joseph Swan Inventor of the electric light bulb Switch Closes and opens to allow and disallow electrical current to flow. Synchronizer Synchronizer Gear TTachometer An instrument that displays how fast the engine's crankshaft is rotating, in terms of revolutions per minute (RPM) Tail Pipe A relatively short section of metal pipe that transports exhaust from the muffler or resonator into the atmosphere. Teeter Ralph Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) Temperature Resistance Temperature resistance measures how long a tire can withstand being rolled against a steel wheel at increasing speeds without disintegrating. As in the traction test, the highest grade is 'A.' Tension Springs Terminal Posts Tesla Nikola During Tesla's lifetime (1856-1943), he would become one of the world's most prolific inventors with over 700 patents, Tesla's inventions, reasearch and vision left an indelible mark on both industry and science. Tesla's work included inventing alternating current (AC) motors, fluorescent lighting and even remote controled devices. In addition, Tesla laid the foundation for much of today's wireless communication technology as well as inter planetary communication. Tetrafluoroethane Also known as “SUVA” or R-134a. Tetrafluoroethane is a manmade refrigerant that was developed to replace less environmentally friendly refrigerants, such as R-12. In use since the mid 1990s, R-134a contains no chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or greenhouse gases. Nor is it flammable or toxic. Other alternatives such as R-22 and others are emerging that are thought to be increasingly environmentally friendly Thermostat A valve that helps regulate engine temperature by controlling the flow of the engine's coolant. Once the engine reaches operating temperature, the thermostat opens, allowing the coolant to enter the radiator, where heat is dissipated. However, if the thermostat fails to open, and the coolant is unable to cool. Thermostatic Expansion Valve A part of the refrigeration system that controls the flow rate into the evaporator by opening and closing in response to the changes in temperature inside the evaporator. Thermostatic Switch A part used in a cycling clutch A/C system to engage and disengage the compressor clutch. It modulates the temperature of air flowing out the evaporator fins and prevents water from freezing in the evaporator. Thompson R.W. Patented an inflatable rubber wagon tire. Thompson’s wheel consisted of a heavy rubber outer layer stretched around metal rims and an inflatable tube. Thompson’s invention was the world’s first pneumatic tire. Throttle A device that regulates the flow of air and fuel into the combustion chamber. Throttle Cable The throttle cable connects the the gas peddle to the throttle plate. When the gas pedal is depressed, the throttle cable opens the throttle plate wider to accommodate more air and fuel that will be burned in the engine’s combustion chamber. Throttle Linkage Throttle Linkage Fault The throttle controls the amount of air that enters the engine during the combustion process. When the engine is cold, the throttle plate closes and limits the amount of air entering the cylinders. As the engine temperature warms, the throttle plate begins to open. However, over time the throttle linkage can become worn or loose or begin to stick in either the open or closed position. Other potential problems include, improper adjustments, binding linkage, or a weak or broken throttle return spring broken. Any one of these conditions can cause the throttle to under perform and engine responsiveness to suffer. Throttle Position Sensor Throttle Valve Located at the bottom of the carburetor barrel, a throttle works like a speed or power control lever. Throw-out Bearing Found in automobiles equipped with manual transmissions, the throw-out bearing lets the clutch's pressure plate and disc engage and disengage smoothly. In addition, pressure is minimized between the clutch surface and the throw-out fork. Thumping Tire Tires are constructed using a bottom layer of rubberized fabric called piles followed by an overlapping layer of steel belts. The belts overlap one another in a crisscross pattern to add strength and stability. In some cases the piles or belts may become separated from one another. Tie Rod A long, straight rod used in the steering system to turn the wheels back and forth. Tie Rod EndsTie rod ends are ball and socket joints that allow back-and-forth movement from the steering wheel. The ball and socket design also allows up-and-down movement when the car hits bumps. Timing The moment a spark plug ignites a combustible mixture of air and fuel in the engine's combustion chamber. For the engine to operate efficiently, timing must be accurate. Timing Advanced Timing Belt A rubber belt that that connects the crankshaft and camshaft. The crankshaft powers the camshaft operation which synchronizes the operation of the valves and pistons. If an engine's timing comes out of adjustment then engine performance suffers. If the belt breaks, then the Timing Chain Timing chains connect the crank a Timing Gear Tire Blowout Tire Body Composed of plies, cord, the bead and stabilizer belts, form the tire's structure and give it shape. Sometimes called the tire's carcass or casing. Tire Carcass Composed of plies, cord, the bead and stabilizer belts, form the tire's structure and give it shape. Sometimes called the tire's body or casing. Tire Casing Composed of plies, cord, the bead and stabilizer belts, form the tire's structure and give it shape. Sometimes called the tire's body or casing. Tire Changer Tire changers are foot operated hydraulic devices that assists technicians in removing tires from wheels. Tire Compound Tires are made of five basic ingredients: rubber, carbon black, plasticizers, curing materials, and ozone retardants to form the basic rubber tire components. Tire Construction Tire Impact Damage Tire damage that occurs through driving. Impact damage occurs when drivers strike potholes or road debris. Common types of damage include tears, punctures, and cuts. Tire Liner The innermost layer of a tire. The liner is similar to a thin rubber film or membrane and is responsible for providing a leak-proof seal along the inside of the tire. Tire Maintenance Tire Squeal Excessive tire squeal is an audible sign that tires are under inflated. Over time, it is likely that your tires will show excessive wear along the outside edges of the tread. Tire Pressure Gauge An inexpensive tool used to determine tire pressure. Insert the head on the tire's air valve. The pressure will force out a ruler with the reading. Tire Ratio Tire Rotation Tire rotation means periodically moving tires to different wheels around an automobile. Through tire rotation, tire tread wear is evened out and tire life is prolonged. Tire Runout Tire runout is a technical name for a tire wobble that occurs due to either a manufacturing defect or when the plies seperate. Tires Need Rotating Tires that are not rotated per manufacturer's recommendations will over time wear unevenly, causing them to wear out, suffer wear related damage and ultimately be replaced prematurely. Tires Out Of Balance Tires that do not rotate evenly or that bounce or wobble at highway speeds are out of balance. Tire balncing requires taking a vehicle into a shop and using balancing equipment to identify areas to add wheel weights to evenly distribute wheel weight and correct wheel imbalance. Tire Type Tire Use Tire use is a tire classification based on what type of a vehicle the tire will be mounted. Tire use is included in the P-metric Scale printed on the sidewall of nearly all tires. Tire Width Toe If you drew a line down the center of your car's tires from front to back, toe-in would be the angle that the tires make relative to the frame. Toe-in If you drew a line down the center of your car from front to back, toe-in would be the angle that the tires make with that line. Toe-out Torque In plain English, torque is the amount of turning force one object exerts on another object. Torque Converter Torsion Spring Touring Tires Touring tires are usually S, T or H rated. They combine some handling characteristics of a high performance tire with a smoother, quieter ride. Touring tires wear longer than high performance tires Traction Rating Traction rating measures the amount of friction produced on wet asphalt when you slam on your brakes. An 'A' grade is better than a 'B' grade, but note that this rating does not indicate wet cornering ability. Transaxle Transfer Case Transmission Transmission Case Transmission Gears Transmission Linkage Transmission Oil Transmission Oil Pump Transmission Output Shaft Transverse Engine An engine that's mounted sideways in the engine compartment. This design is common in front-wheel-drive cars. Tread The grooves cut into the top of the tire. The tread pattern can determine how well the tire corners or sticks to the road. Tread Design The grooves cut into the top of the tire. The tread pattern can determine how well the tire corners or sticks to the road. Tread Pattern The arrangement of grooves, blocks and channels molded into the tread to enhance its grip. Also called the tread design Treadwear The measure of the life of a tire tread. Treadwear is a natural byproduct of everyday driving. As friction occurs between the tire and the road surface, tires begin to errode. Maintaining adequately However, by conducting a short 30 second inspection a couple times a month you can identify wear problems before they ruin your tires. Moreover, by learing what to look for, alert drivers can also frequently diagnose a variety of other problems from wheel and tire problems to steering and suspension maladies. Trouble Code Trouble codes provide information about the nature of the problem and can frequently assist a service technician in determining the specific source of the problem. Trouble codes are retrieved by a handheld diagnostic computer called a scan tool. Trouble Code Sensors located throughout your automobile are constantly monitoring events or conditions and reporting data readings back to a computer module. If a sensor reading appears out of a pre-determined range, a special code is stored in the automobile's computer system. Trouble codes provide information about the nature of the problem and can frequently assist a service technician in determining the specific source of the problem. Trouble codes are retrieved by a handheld diagnostic computer called a scan tool Trouble Code Sensors located throughout your automobile are constantly monitoring events or conditions and reporting data readings back to a computer module. If a sensor reading appears out of a pre-determined range, a warning light may illuminate on the instrument panel to alert the driver. In addition, a special code is stored in the automobile's computer system. Today's computer systems can generate as many as 500 codes and the number is only go to increase as vehicles become increasingly computer reliant. Trouble Shooting Troubleshooting is a systematic attempt to solve problems. Initially problems are identified and then a process of problem resolution is initiated. Frequently, troubleshooting involves the use of a diagnostic flow chart that provides a step by step process of testing and ruling out potential causes. Trunk Light Tuner The tuner allows users to “tune in” to radio stations. Tuners are the actual radio portion of a car stereo system. Tune Up Maintenance that frequently involves making adjustments or replacing old parts with the intention of maintaining optimal performance. Tune-ups usually involve the fuel and ignition systems as well as an oil change and checking fluids. Turbine Turbo Charger A device that harnesses the flow of exhaust gases to increase the pressure of air entering the intake manifold. Turbochargers increase the power output of an engine. Turnsignal Switch The turn signal switch is mounted on the steering column and responsible for activating the left and right turn signals. When the switch is closed the electrical circuit is closed and current flows from the battery to the signal unit. As the bulbs receive current, its filament or element, becomes hot and begins to glow, producing light. To create the blinking associated with the turn signal, a flasher unit opens and closes the circuit to the light causing light to flash on and off. U VU-Joint Under Inflated Tire Excessive wear along both edges of the tire indicates that the tire has been chronically under inflated. When there’s not enough air pressure to hold up the tire, more of the outer tread is in contact with the road, causing it to wear faster. Understeer The condition that exists during cornering when the front of a vehicle tends to skid before the rear. Uneven Brake Wear Uuneven Pad Wear Unidirectional Tire Tires that can only roll one way. These tires are marked with arrows or the word “rotation” and should not be rotated from the left to the right side of the vehicle. Uniform Tire Quality Grading System A standardized classification designed to rate a tire's durability. Uniroyal Universal Joint Upper Control Arm Located at the top of the suspension system, often near the top of the wheel, to provide support. Upper Radiator Hose The job of the upper radiator is to connect the radiator to the engine and provide a conduit for the hot coolant to enter the radiator. Vacuum A vacuum could be described as a pressure lower than atmospheric, in an enclosed space. Vacuum Assist A device that reduces the amount of force required to activate the brakes. Vacuum Assisted Power Brake Vacuum Assist Unit Vacuum Booster Vacuum Hose Vacuum Modulator The vacuum modulator is a device that monitors engine load as a way of knowing when an automatic transmission should shift gears. Valve Body Valve Cap A screw-on rubber cap that protects the valve core from dirt and the elements. Valve Core The valve core is a two-way spring loaded valve that is seated in the stem. In the center of the stem core, a pin-like extension acts like a gate keeper. Valve Guide Seals Valve Stem A thick, durable rubber housing for the valve core. The valve stem has a tappered design and fits through a hole in the wheel. The stem is held in place by the internal air pressure of the tire. Valve Train Vapor Lock Vapor lock is a condition caused when the fuel in the gas lines becomes heated and turns into a vapor. When fuel becomes a vapor, it can create a pocket of high pressure that can completely stop the flow of fuel. Vapor lock primarily occurs in older vehicles with mechanical fuel pumps located close to the engine and more frequently on hot days Vapor Recovery Line Located near the top of the fuel tank, a vapor recovery line captures fuel vapors and directs them to a charcoal canister where activated charcoal traps the vapor. V-Belt V-belts are made of rubber and drive accessory devices like the air conditioning compressor, alternator, power steering pump and water pump and radiator fan. V-belts get their name because of the “V” shaped, or tooth-like appearance of the interior part of the belt. Through continued use, V-belts can crack , fray or even break. Insuring that belts are in good shape and that proper belt tension is maintained is critical for the operation of accessory devices. Vehicle Control Module The vehicle control module is the most powerful computer module and processes information sent from individual system modules. Because it receives information from all the smaller modules, it is able to assemble the bigger picture of how the automobile is performing. Venturi The middle of the barrel narrows at a place called the venturi. The narrowing of the venturi causes a low pressure area (vacuum) to form just beneath the narrowing. It's the interaction of air and the unique shape of the venturi that delivers fuel to the carburetor barrel. Venturi Giovanni Battista VIN The Vehicle Identification Number is located on the dashboard on the driver's side. Each VIN is unique to each vehicle and provides of means of identification. Volta Count Alessandro Between 1776 and 1779 Alessandro conducted a series of experiments with zinc and silver plates. He discovered that when the two types of plates were alternately stacked together with a wet layer of salt solutionof cloth or cardboard in between that he delivery a steady stream of electricity. Volta’s discovery became the forerunner of the modern electric battery. Volt Volt (V) Unit of electromotive force mamed in honor of Alessandro Volta (1745-1827). It is the difference of potential required to make a current of one ampere flow through a resistance of one OHM. Voltage The measure of energy available to drive an electrical current. Voltage is measured in volts and is represented by the symbol, V. Voltage Regulator Maintains a safe voltage level throughout the electrical system to protect the electrical components in your car. Vulcanized Rubber Rubber that has has been processed to make it elastic and durable. W X Y ZWarning Light Warning lights (indicator lights) alert drivers when a problem or condition occurs. Sensors located throughout your automobile are constantly monitoring events or conditions and reporting data readings back to a computer module. If a sensor reading appears out of a pre-determined range, a warning light may illuminate on the instrument panel to alert the driver. Warning Lights Warning lights (indicator lights) alert drivers when a problem or condition occurs. Warped Cylinder Head The cylinder head sits on top of the engine block and contains the combustion chambers and valves. cylinder heads are subject to developing small cracks that can allow coolant to leak internally. If coolant is fouling the engine oil, it will have a frothy appearance. Cylinder head gaskets are also subject to wear and tear and deterioration over time. As the gasket breaks down, small amounts of coolant can begin to leak internally. Likewise over time the bolts that secure the cylinder head to the engine block may gradually loosen, allowing for coolant to leak from the cylinder head into the oil. Warped Brake Rotor Brake rotors or discs, are usually made of cast iron and are bolted to the hub and provide a surface upon which the brakes can be applied. The brake rotor can become warped or damaged through the build up of intense heat brought on by constant braking or rapid cooling caused by simply driving through water. Warped Brake Rotor Brake rotors or discs, are usually made of cast iron and are bolted to the hub and provide a surface upon which the brakes can be applied. The brake rotor can become warped or damaged through the build up of intense heat brought on by constant braking or rapid cooling caused by simply driving through water. Warped Rotors Brake rotors or discs, are usually made of cast iron and are bolted to the hub and provide a surface upon which the brakes can be applied. When braking, a vise-like apparatus called the caliper clamps down on the spinning disc, causing the wheels to slow and eventually stop. The brake rotor can become warped or damaged through the build up of intense heat brought on by constant braking or rapid cooling caused by simply driving through water. When warped, the rotor will have a tendency to wobble as it rotates. When braking, warped rotors will frequently cause the steering wheel to shake, the brake pedal to pulsate and braking distances to increase Washer Fluid Winshield wiper fluid is a cleaning solution that can be sprayed on the window by operating a switch on the wiper assembly. Water Jackets Located inside the engine and surrounding the cylinders and combustion chambers, special passages called water jackets absorb heat and pass it on to circulating coolant. In this way water jackets help to dissipate heat generated by the combustion process. Water Pump The water pump powers the cooling system by circulating coolant throughout the engine and cooling system. During the combustion process, the water pump receives coolant from the radiator through the bottom radiator hose and circulates it into the engine chambers and around the cylinders. Water Pump Belt The water pump belt connects the water pump to the engine's crankshaft. It is responsible for powering the pump by transferring the rotation of the engine's crankshaft to the water pump. Water Pump Fan Water Pump Impeller The impeller is located inside the water pump and is in charge of circulating water throughout the engine and cooling system. Watt James Wear Bars Wear bars are solid strips of rubber that are molded into the base of the tire tread. Normally, wear bars are difficult to see between the treads. However, when a sufficient amount of tread wear has occured, the wear bar will appear as a solid bar across the tire tread. Wear Indicator Wear indicators are simply a soft piece of metal attached to the brake pad backing that rubs against the rotor when the pads wears down. Wear indicators make a high pitched metal on metal squeaking sound whenever the brakes are applied. Westinghouse George Wheel Wheel Alignment For your wheels to work properly, there are a number adjustments or alignments that can be done to optimize vehicle handling and tread wear. There are as many as 5 seperate adjustments, but the most common alignment angles consist of camber,toe and caster adjustments. Wheel Balancing The process of identifying and adding proper wheel weights to a wheel to correct uneven weight distribution. Upon completion, the wheel and tire assembly should rotate smoothly. Properly balanced wheels improve vehicle handling, enhance safety and extend the life of tires. Wheel Bearing Assembly The wheel bearing assembly is designed to reduce friction as the wheel spins around the spindle. The assembly consists of wheel bearings, retainer bands, a bearing housing and a grease seal. Wheel Bearings Wheel bearings reduce friction created as the hub rotates around the spindle. Wheel bearings are housed in the wheel bearing assembly. The assembly consists of the race, cage and wheel bearings. Wheel bearings can either be round ball bearings or of a longer cylindrical, roller design. Wheel Bearing Cage The wheel bearing cage houses the wheel bearings is sandwiched between the inner and outer races. Wheel Bearing Service Service initially involves removing the assembly from the hub. Depending on the automobile, some assemblies can be disassembled, cleaned, lubricated and reinstalled. Upon inspection, any damaged parts will need to be replaced. Others are sealed units that must be replaced in their entirety. Once the correct assembly is prepared for reinstallation, the hub is cleaned out and fresh heat resistant grease is added. The wheel bearing assembly is then either pressed or hammered into place. Wheel Cylinder Accepts brake fluid and is found in a drum brake assembly. Its pistons push brake shoe linings against the drum, causing the vehicle to slow or stop. Wheel Flange Located on each side of the rim, two lips stick up to create a place to secure the tire. Wheel Hub Wheel Imbalance Wheel imbalance can be defined by two measures: static imbalance and dynamic imbalance. Static imbalance is caused by the wheels weight being distributed unevenly around the axle or spindle. Static imbalance can be thought of as having one side of the tire being slightly heavier than the others. As a result, the tire rolls unevenly and has a tendency to slightly bounce while turning over the road surface. Wheel Noise The wheel bearing assembly cushions contact between the wheel and spindle. Over time the wheel bearing’s grease seal may begin to leak, allowing for the grease to escape. The lack of lubrication causes metal to rub on metal, creating a humming noise. Wheel Runout Wheel runout is a form of wobble that occurs most frequently after some sort of road induced damage. Frequent causes of wheel runout are striking an object in the road or hitting a pothole that results in a bent rim. Wheel Shimmy Dynamic wheel imbalance is one of the most common sources of wheel shimmy, steering wheel vibration and abnormal tire wear. Dynamic wheel imbalance occurs when the wheel's weight is not evenly distributed around the wheel circumfrance. usually a heavy spot develops off of a tire's centerline. As a result, the wheel not only has a tendency to hop up and down, as found with static imbalance, but also tends to wobble from side to side. Wheel Speed Sensor Wheel speed sensors are used to monitor the rotational speed of wheels for both anti-locking brake and traction control systems. Wheels Out Of Alignment Wheel alignment is simply the relationship the wheel has with the road and the vehicle. Once the wheel is installed, minor adjustments fine-tune the wheel settings for optimal performance. Over time, or after striking potholes or curbs, the wheel alignment can be changed. When this occurs, the tires will wear unevenly, the car's handling may become more difficult and may tend to pull to one side while driving as well as a decrease in fuel economy Wheel Weight A lead weight used to even out weight distribution of a tire and wheel assembly. A wheel balancing machine is used to determine the proper weight and placement of a wheel weight. Once identified, wheel weight is gently hammered into place along the edge of the wheel. Whining Tire An unusual whining noise coming from the tires is usually the result of abnormally worn tires. Tires are susceptible to unusual wear due to poor wheel alignment, tires that are out of balance, or worn suspension parts. White Exhaust There are instances when the protective seals that seperate coolant from the engine allow coolant to seep around the head gasket and into the combustion chamber. Other potential causes include a warped cyclinder head or a cracked engine block. In those instances coolant is burned with fuel and causes engine exhaust to take on a more grayish appearance. Besides a cracked or blown head gasket, there are other potential causes include a warped cyclinder head or a cracked engine block. Windshield Washer Windshield Washer Fluid Windshield Washer Fluid Tank Windshield Washer Nozzle Windshield Washer Tank Windshield Wiper Blade Windshield Wiper Motor Windshield Wiper Switch Windshield Wiper Sensor Wire Short Nearly every vehicle appliance or accessory depends on an electrical circuit that is powered by the battery. However, over time wires can become worn, frayed or damaged causing wires to short out. Short circuits occur when an electrical wire is touching a ground. Wire shorts will generally allow a high amount of current to flow through a short. Common causes include worn or cut insulation causing lights to work only intermittently or flicker or accessories to stop working altogether. Wire shorts will frequently cause electrical fuses to blow. Shorts should be identified and as soon as possible and replaced the wire or part replaced. Wishbone Suspension A suspension configuration that utilizes bushings, ball joints and the upper and lower control arms Worm Gear Steering Assembly Worm gears are connected to the end of the steering column and have threading that looks a lot like the threads on a screw. Inside the gear box, the worm gear meshes with the sector gear which is connected to the pitman arm. When the steering wheel is turned, the steering column turns, causing the worm gear to thread along the top of the sector gear and moving the pitman arm from side to side. Worn Anti-Sway BarWhen vehicles go around a sharp turn, centrifugal force pushes the vehicle's body to dip toward the outside edge of the turn. To combat centrifugal force, and keep the auto body from leaning excessively in sharp turns, a sway bar, frequently called the stabilizer bar, is installed during manufacturing. However, over time the bolt connecting the sway bar to the frame can become worn, or damaged, permitting an abnormal amount of swaying in turns. Worn Ball JointLocated at the end of the rely on a ball and socket joint, similar to the shoulder joint to provide flexibility in the steering linkage and steering knuckle. Over time the ball joint can become worn and loose grease, causing the steering to feel loose, particularly at higher speeds Worn CV Joint Connecting two parts of the drive shaft, the CV joint allows for variability in how fast one section of the drive shaft turns relative to the other. Over time, the CV joints can become worn and loose, allowing for excess movement. Worn Fuel Cap Seal Fuel or gas caps(pressure caps) provide an air tight seal over the gas tank's fill tube. However, over time the fuel cap seal can develop a leak and allow fuel vapors to escape. Overtime the cap's rubber seal may begin to deteriorate due to wear and tear or rot. A leaking fuel cap seal is not only bad for the environment, but it also costs you money. Worn Piston Ring Rings designed to create a seal around the piston head as it travels up and down in the engine cylinder. worn piston rings create a gap between the cylinder wall and the rings and allow gases to escape. Worn Piston rings will cause a general loss of engine power, increased oil consumption, blue-gray exhaust smoke, and fouled spark plugs (residue to accumulate on the plugs). Worn Piston Rings A piston ring is an open-ended ring that fits into a groove located on the piston. Its primary job is to form a seal between the moving piston and the cylinder wall. Over time piston rings can become worn. Worn piston rings create a gap between the cylinder wall and the rings and allow gases to escape. Worn Piston rings will cause a general loss of engine power, increased oil consumption, blue-gray exhaust smoke, and fouled spark plugs (residue to accumulate on the plugs). \ Worn Spark Plugs Spark plugs are responsible of igniting a highly combustionable mixture of fuel and air inside the engine's combustion chamber. If the spark plugs have not been changed in a while they may become worn or dirty. Worn or dirty spark plugs may work okay at low speeds or at idle, but they will tend to be less effective at higher engine speeds and engine performance will suffer. Worn Spark Plug Wire Worn Steering Linkage The steering system is made of several connecting parts, such as arms, rods, and ball sockets that are collectively are known as the steering linkage. Over time the steering linkage can become worn, loose and in some cases even break. Worn steering parts can reduce vehicle performance as well as be a significant safety hazard resulting in serious accident or injury. Worn Strut The suspension system is designed to help cushion the passenger compartment when you drive over bumps or hit pot holes. When suspension system parts become loose or damaged, vehicle comfort deminishes and in some severe cases worn suspensions may actually become dangerous. Worn Suspension Parts The suspension system is designed to help cushion the passenger compartment when you drive over bumps or hit potholes. This not only makes you feel better, but it also helps reduce wear and tear and general vehicle fatigue. But more importantly, the suspension system provides downward pressure on the wheels, keeping the tires firmly in contact with the road when going over bumps and enhancing traction. Worn suspension parts can make for a bumpy ride but it can also be a safety hazard due to reduced vehicle handling, as well as cost you money through increased wear and tear on your vehicle. Worn Tie Rod The tie rod end forms the top portion of the ball joint. Over time the tie rod end can become worn, the ball socket bolt that connects the tie rod end, through extended wear, can cause the bolthole to become elongated. Causing the steering to feel very loose, particularly at higher rates of speed. Worn Universal Joint Connecting two parts of the drive shaft, the universal joint allows for variability in how fast one section of the drive shaft turns relative to the other. Over time, the U joint can become worn and loose, allowing for excess movement. Worn Wheel Bearings The wheel bearing assembly helps the wheel turn smoothly by reducing the amount of friction acting upon the wheel as it rotates. However, over time the wheel bearing seal can leak, causing it to loose its lubrication and dry out. Dry wheel bearings wear down quickly and have a tendency to chip, break and score the inside of the race. Intense heat can also cause metal parts to become brittle and prone to cracking. Worn wheel bearings will also cause the wheel to turn roughly. |